Exam 4 Review Flashcards
Who defined/studied the three different temperaments in children?
Chess & Thomas
Emotional competence
Awareness of one’s own emotional state whilst detecting emotion in others.
Self regulation
Controlling one’s own feelings
Shyness with strangers
What is it
Begins at what age
Inhibited children react to unfamiliar situations with avoidance or distress
7-9 months
Inhibited vs uninhibited
Inhibited react to unfamiliarity with avoidance and distress
Uninhibited are sociable
Who coined the shy/sociable inhibited/uninhibited
Kagan
Extraversion/ surgency
Positive, Active and sensation seeking
Negative affectivity
Fear, frustration, sadness, discomfort
Effortful control
Self regulation; more easy going
Rothbart and bates temperament categories
Extroversion/surgency
Negative affectivity
Effortful control
Goodness of fit
Match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands
Oral attachment
Who?
What is it
Freud
Bond with mother based on nourishment
Orphanage studies
Who?
What were they?
Rene Spitz
South American orphanage research showed that when removed from mother or primary caregiver there are negative long term effects
Monkey studies on attachment
Who?
Trying to show what?
Harry Harlow
Show that human attachment is based off of more than just food
Strange situation studies on attachment
Who?
4 types?
Mary Ainsworth Secure Insecure avoidant Insecure resistant Insecure disorganized
Self understanding
Cognitive representation of the self
Changes over time and is part of our personal identity
Developmental changes in self identity in infancy
Recognition of self
Developmental changes in self identity In early childhood
Confusion of self, mind and body.
Concrete descriptions of self, unrealistic positive overestimations Of self
Developmental changes in self identity in middle and late childhood
Psychological traits and social descriptions/comparisons. Real self vs ideal self, realistic views of self
Developmental changes in self identity in adolescence
Self consciousness and contradictions within the self, possible self
Understanding others: social cognition
Processes involved in understanding the world and how we think and reason about others
Self esteem
Global evaluative dimension of the self; high vs low
Self concept
Makes part of self esteem; domain specific evaluations is different areas of life
Identity: individuality
Character traits that make you an individual; what makes you special or sets you apart from the crowd
Identity: independence
Authority or control
Identity: autonomy
Independence or freedom as in the will of one’s actions
Erikson and identity (4)
Identity vs identity confusion
Adolescent experience
Psychosocial moratorium
Implications of identity confusion
Identity Diffusion
No commitment, no crisis yet
Identity Foreclosure
Commitment, no crisis yet
Identity Moratorium
No commitment, in mid crisis
Identity Achievement
Commitment Made, crisis behind you
4 types of identity statuses
Diffusion
Foreclosure
Moratorium
Achievement
Biological influences on gender
Hormones and hormone disorders
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Women produce more androgens than average
Androgen insensitive males
More feminine characteristics
Pelvic field defect
All or some of external genitalia missing for males
Social role theory
Gender differences result from contrasting roles of men and women. Society dictates these roles
Psychoanalytic theory of gender
Gender behavior is similar to same Same sex parent, following attraction to opposite sex parent
Social cognitive theory of gender
Gender development occurs through observation and imitation
Cultural influences on gender
Traditional stereotypes
Changes over time
Gender schema theory
Gender typing emerges as children, gradually develops as they learn schemas of what is gender appropriate in their culture
Gender typing
Acquisition Of a traditional masculine or feminine role
Gender stereotyping
Beliefs held about what behavior is appropriate for males and females
Interpersonal vs intrapersonal moral development
Q
Piaget moral development 2 stages
Stage 1 heteronomous morality
Transition period
Stage 2 autonomous
Kohlberg level 1 stage 1 moral development
Punishment/obedience; whatever leads to a punishment is wrong
Kohlberg level 1
Preconventional; right and wrong are determined by punishment and rewards
Kohlberg level 1 stage 2 of moral development
Rewards; behave in a way that is rewarded
Kohlberg level 2 moral development
Conventional; views of others are important, avoid blame and seek approval
Kohlberg stage 3 moral development
Mutual interpersonal expectations; conforming to meet expectations
Kohlberg stage 4 of moral development
Social system morality; acknowledging authority and following rules
Kohlberg level 3 of moral development
Postconventional; justice becomes more abstract; human rights override obedience to law
Kohlberg stage 5 of moral development
Moral vs legal right; rules must sometimes be broken
Kohlberg stage 6 of moral development
Universal ethical principles; evaluate views of all involved when making moral decisions
Heinz dilemma stages 1-6
1 obedience 2 self interest 3 conformity 4 law and order 5 human rights 6 universal human ethics
Denial of justice perspective
People make moral decisions independently
Argument for care perspective
Morality is more about concern for others and interpersonal relationships are key
Frans de Waal: 4 pillars of morality
Reciprocity
Fairness
Empathy
Compassion
Chess and Thomas’s 3 classifications of temperament
Easy- adapts easily
Difficult- resistant to change
Slow to warm up- low activity levels
Kagan’s behavioral inhibition
Broad temperament categories of shy vs sociable or inhibited vs uninhibited
John Bowlby’s theory of attachment 4 phases
1- infants orient to humans
2- infants attach to one figure
3- babies from many attachments
4- emotional connectedness
Securely attached
Mom is secure base; babies can crawl odd and come back and check in but are comfortable showing independence; reconnect with mom right away
Insecure avoidant
Avoid mothers; engage in little interaction with mom, not distressed when mothers leave
Insecure resistant
Cling to caregiver; do not explore, is upset when mom leaves and stays upset when she returns
Insecure disorganized
Confused and fearful; show patterns of avoidance and resistance, have extreme emotions
Understanding others during childhood
Inquisitive
Understanding others in middle/late childhood
Perspective taking
10 identity inclusions
Career path Political identity Relationship status Spiritual beliefs Motivations and intelligence Sexual identity Hobbies and interests Personality Body image
Social conventional reasoning
Conventional rules established by social consensus such as hand raising
Moral reasoning
Ethical issues, rules of morality and justice
Moral identity
In group vs individual aspect of personality that is present when you have moral notions central to your life
Physical vs relational agree soon
Physical- physically harming
Relational- aggression not physical such as cyber bullying
3 Basic processes of moral behavior
Reinforcement
Punishment
Imitation
Social cognitive theory of moral behavior
What and who
Moral competence vs moral performance, the use of behaviors in specific situation
Bandura
Freud: moral feeling
Psychoanalytic theory
Moral feeling: empathy
Empathy, reacting to another’s feelings with an emotional response and wanting to do nice things for those who are down in the dumps
Moral personality 3 components
Moral identity
Moral character
Moral exemplars
Moral character
Standing by morals even when temptation arises
Moral exemplars
People who have led morally exemplary lives, but this is relative to opinion
5 Foundations of morality and politics
Who?
Harm Fairness Ingroup Authority Purity
Heidt and graham
Prosocial behavior
Equality, kindness, forgiveness, gratitude
T Or F
Ingroup security is separate from seriousness in moral behavior
True
Heteronomous morality
Justice/rules are considered Unchangeable
Piaget age of transition period
7-10
Autonomous morality
Rules are created by people able to consider consequences of actions
10+
Imminent justice
Concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will ensue immediately
What did Kohlberg use the Heinz dilemma for
To classify people during moral development
Ingroups
People that you relate to that change with setting
Antisocial behavior
Index offenses- criminal acts that are prosecuted by law
Status offenses- less serious offenses
Gilligan’s 2 problems with Kohlberg
Asserts denial of justice perspective and care perspective
Emphasis on gender differences
Moral behavior in humans: behavioral economics
Who?
What did they find?
Dan Ariely
Everyone cheats but just by a little bit
Reminding people of morality causes them to act more moral
Ingroups more likely to cheat
Farther removed from object of worth, cheat more
