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Physiology of Disease > Exam 4- renal lab > Flashcards

Exam 4- renal lab Flashcards

1
Q

the functional unit of the kidney is the

A

nephron

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2
Q

The nephron consists of a renal [a], for filtration, and a renal [b] for reabsorption and excretion

A

corpuscle

tubule

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3
Q

Glomerular filtration is a______ process in which fluid passes from the lumen of the glomerular capillary into the glomerular capsule of the renal tubule

A

passive

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4
Q

the [a] capillaries surrounding the renal tubules reclaim the reabsorbed substances and return them to the general circulation. These capillaries arise from the [b] arterioles

A

peritubular

efferent

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5
Q

the diameter of the afferent arteriole is ______than the diameter of the efferent arteriole, restricting blood flow out of the glomerulua

A

larger

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6
Q

select the two components of blood that are NOT normally filtered through the glomerular wall

A

plasma proteins

blood cells

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7
Q

the job of the tubule is to _______all the beneficial substances from its lumen and allow wastes to travel down the tubule for elimination from the body

A

reabsorb

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8
Q

the nephron consists of the

A 
proximal convoluted tubule
glomerululs
distal convoluted tubule
renal capsule/Bowman's capsule
loop of henle
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9
Q

the renal corpuscle consists of the

A

glomerululs

renal capsule/Bowman’s capsule

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10
Q

the renal tubule consists of the

A

collecting duct
distal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
proximal convoluted tubule

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11
Q

Place the following blood vessels and renal structure in their correct order

A 
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillary
interlobular vein
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12
Q

During the process of renal reabsorption, fluid and solutes move from the

A

renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

IN Pex 9.1 What happened to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate after you increased the radius of the afferent arteriole?

A

glomerular capillary pressure increased

filtration rate increased

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14
Q

If you increase the afferent arteriole radius and keep all other variables constant, the GFR would

A

increase

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15
Q

If you increase the efferent arteriole radius and keep all other variables constant, the GFR would

A

decrease

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16
Q

If you decrease the efferent arteriole radius and keep all other variables constant, the volume of urine flowing into the urinary bladder would

A

increase

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17
Q

If you decrease the afferent arteriole radius and keep all other variables constant, the volume of urine flowing into the urinary bladder would

A

decrease

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18
Q

Caffeine consumption leads to increased urine formation,

This is due to

A

dilation of the afferent arteriole

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19
Q

Stimulation of the Sympathetic NS will tend to

A

constrict the afferent arteriole, constrict the efferent arteriole with an overall decrease in GFR

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20
Q

______forces (hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients) drive protein-free fluid between the blood in the glomerular capillaries and the filtrate in Bowman’s capsule

A

starling

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21
Q

Increases in which of the following forces favor FILTRATION

A

osmotic pressure in Bowman’s capsule

Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

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22
Q

which of the following forces most directly limits/decreases filtration

A

filtrate pressure in Bowman’s capsule

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23
Q

the glomerular filtration rate can be increased most directly by

A

decreasing the afferent arteriole resistance

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24
Q

The amount of blood entering the glomerular capillaries that is filtered is the filtration fraction. According to the introduction of activity 2 this is

A

20%

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25
Q

What happened to the glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate after you increased the blood pressure in the L source beaker in activity 2PEX9

A

filtrate pressure increased, filtration rate decreased

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26
Q

Name a medical condition that causes the same pathology as the “closed valve” between the collecting duct and urinary bladder besides a tumor

A

A kidney stone

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27
Q

What happened to the filtration pressure in Bowman’s capsule and filtration rate after you closed the one way valve between the collecting duct and urinary bladder?

A

filtrate pressure increased, filtration rate decreased

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28
Q

In a person in hemorrhagic shock what might happen to blood flow to the kidney

A

the blood flow would decrease

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29
Q

In a person in hemorrhagic shock what might happen to the GFR

A

the GFR would decrease

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30
Q

The important relation that underlies the observed increase in GFR when afferent arteriole BP increases is

A

pressure and flow are directly proportional

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31
Q

which does NOT have a significant impact on the GFR

A

renal tubule length

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32
Q

How can an increase in GFR from increased blood pressure be beneficial to the body?

A

Increased GFR would increase urine volume and urine output, decreasing plasma volume and therefore decreasing BP. This can be beneficial when BP is elevated

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33
Q

the reason glomerular capillary pressure and glomerular filtration remain relatively constant despite changes in blood pressure is because the nephron has the capacity to alter

A

its afferent and efferent arteriole radii

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34
Q

Match the equipment with the body part it is simulating

first beaker on the L side of the screen aka source beaker for blood

2nd beaker on the L side of the screen aka drain beaker for blood

flow tube with adjustable radius

2nd flow tube with adjustable radius

A

blood from general circulation

renal vein

afferent arteriole

efferent arteriole

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35
Q

if all other variables are kept constant, how does the efferent arteriole radius affect the GFR

A

decreased arteriole radius will

increase the GFR

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36
Q

if all other variables are kept constant, how does the afferent arteriole affect the GFR

A

increased arteriole radius will

increase the GFR

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37
Q

If Blood pressure were to drop what changes in the nephron would allow the kidney to maintain its normal GFR

A

afferent arteriole dilation

efferent arteriole dilation

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38
Q

When you compared the GFR and the glomerular capillary pressure with baseline (first run) increasing afferent arteriole radius

(remember the baseline/first run had Af radius of .5/Ef radius of .45 and pressure of 90 m

the second run changed the BP to 70 mm

and the third run increased the AF radius to .60 mm)

A

vasodilation did improve the low glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate almost to baseline values

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39
Q

On your 4th trial you return af radius to .5mm and decreased ef radius to .35, all at a pressure of 70mm Hg

the result was

A

vasoconstriction did improve the low glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate but only marginally

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40
Q

in activity 3 you both increased the afferent radius and decreased the efferent radius (from baseline) and maintained the low BP of 70 mm

The result was

A

GFR and Glomerular P rose above the baseline values

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41
Q

when you started activity 3 you were asked to change the afferent radius to .5mm and the efferent radius to .45 mm.

Why did PEX ask you to select an afferent radius that was wider than the efferent radius?

A

n the kidney the afferent vessel contains plasma and blood.

This is filtered and 20% of the serum leaves the artery. This enters bowman’s capsule and is then modified in the nephron.

the efferent arteriole is smaller because it contains less blood.

The ability to change the diameter of both arterioles helps modify the filtering pressure. As the efferent arteriole radius decreases it increases the resistance to flow, allowing for more filtration at the glomerulus. Having a smaller efferent arteriole increases filtration.

On the other hand increasing the radius of the afferent arteriole increases blood flow and increases filtration

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42
Q

for a given beaker/systemic blood pressure which had the greatest effect on GFR

A

a change in diameter of the Afferent arteriole

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43
Q

In activity 3 the afferent arteriole dilated in response to a decrease in systemic blood pressure. This is a direct example of

A

an appropriate response of the myogenic system

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44
Q

List 3 mechanisms studied in PEx that affect GFR.

A

Afferent radius
Efferent radius
BP

45
Q

elect the choice(s) that would increase GFR

A

increased glomerular blood pressure
afferent arteriole vasodilation
efferent arteriole vasoconstriction

46
Q

In this experiment ,both at the same pressure, the change in radius between the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole is .15 mm for both trials yet the GFR is greater at .6/.45 then at .5/.35

A

resistance is inversely proportional to the 4th power of the radius

resistance is proportional to 1/r4

and therefore resistance is proportional to (1/.454-1/.64) vs (1/.354- 1/.54)

47
Q

the movement of filtered solutes and water from the lumen of the renal tubules into the interstitial space is

A

reabsorption

48
Q

peritubular capillaries arise from the

A

efferent arteriole

49
Q

As filtrate passes through the nephron, the renal process of reabsorption describes the movement of water and solutes

A

from the tubule lumen, into the interstitial space and, finally, into the peritubular capillaries

50
Q

the Maximum solute concentration refers to the solute concentration in

A

the interstitial space

51
Q

ADH -antidiuretic hormone-affects the permeability of

A

the collecting duct

52
Q

ADH aid the reabsorption of

A

water

53
Q

the reason the solute concentration in the proximal tubule is initally the same as serum is that

A

water and plasma solutes filter into bowman’s capsule then enter the PCT

54
Q

What happened to the urine volume and concentration as the solute gradient in the interstitial space increased

A

urine volume decreased

urine concentration increased

55
Q

tubule fluid osmolarity will ALWAYS be greatest in the

A

bottom of the loop of henle

56
Q

tubule fluid volume will ALWAYS be greatest in the

A

proximal convoluted tubule

57
Q

ADH acts

A

in the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption

58
Q

Explain how the reabsorption of solutes affects water reabsorption

A

water follows solutes therefore when solutes are reabsorbed they “pull” water with them.

59
Q

tubule fluid osmolarity is always greatest in one area of the nephron

Tell me that location and explain why this is the area with the greates tubule fluid osmolarity

A

the bottom of the loop of henle this is because the descending loop is permeable to water but impermeable to solutes. solutes are not able to leave, increasing osmolarity.

60
Q

there are a ________number of glucose carriers in each renal tubule cell

A

finite

61
Q

glucose is first absorbed by_______at the apical membrane of the proximal tubule cells

A

secondary active transport

62
Q

glucose is first absorbed along with _______at the apical membrane of the proximal tubule cells

A

sodium ion

63
Q

in the proximal tubule the APICAL membrane refers to the side that faces the

A

lumen of the tubule

64
Q

in the proximal tubule the basolateral membrane refers to the side that faces the

A

interstitial tissue

65
Q

glucose enters the interstitial tissue along the basolateral membrane by

A

facilitated diffusion

66
Q

When there are no glucose carriers why is the glucose concentration the same in bowman’s capsule and the urinary bladder the same

A

without glucose carriers glucose is filtered but not absorbed

67
Q

How does ADH affect the renal processing of plasma glucose

A

ADH has no direct effects on renal processing of plasma glucose

68
Q

glucose reabsorption in the nephron includes

A

2ndary active transport along the apical membrane of proximal tubule cells

69
Q

Which is false

A

the # of glucose carries in a nephron can be altered as needed by the body

70
Q

What happened to the glucose concentration of urine in the bladder after glucose carriers were added to the proximal tubule

A

glucose concentration in the bladder decreased

71
Q

Glucose carrier proteins are located in the

A

proximal convoluted tubules

72
Q

When the concentration of glucose in the filtrate exceed the transport capacity of carrier proteins then

A

the transport maximum has been reached

73
Q

Why do diabetics have polyuria-large urine volume?

A

when the transport maximum for glucose is exceeded glucose remains in the filtrate/preurine.

this means there are more particles in the preurine. The particles in the preurine compete with the particles in the interstitial tissue to keep water in the tubule. In this case glucose is a particle that pulls water (keeps it) in the nephron

74
Q

aldosterone acts on the [a] convoluted tubule cells to promote the reabsorption of [b] from the filtrate and the secretion of [c] from the body

A

distal
sodium
potassium

75
Q

the primary action of ______ is to increase the permeability of the collecting duct to water so that more water is reabsorbed

A

ADH

76
Q

which of the following has a role in altering the urine volume and concentration
ADH
aldosterone
the total solute concentration gradient in the interstitial spaces surrounding the tubule lumen

A

all

77
Q

In the presence of ADH potassium concentration in the urine increases because

A

water is reabsorbed into the interstitial space concentrating urine

78
Q

In the presence of ADH and aldosterone potassium concentration in the urine increases because

A

more potassium is secreted into the distal tubule, preurine is then concentrated in the collecting ducts

79
Q

What most directly stimulates the release of aldosterone

A

the presence of angiotensin 2

80
Q

the principal determinant for the release of ADH is

A

n increase in body osmolarity

81
Q

ADH is produced in the

A

hypothalamus

82
Q

in response to abnormally low plasma osmolality aldosterone will increase

A

sodium reabsorption along the distal tubule and the collecting duct

83
Q

aldosterone leads to the reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium. Why does this affect water absorption or secretion?

A

the sodium potassium pump works with an uneven ratio. three na sodium particles are reabsorbed for two potassium particles are secreted. There is a net increase of 1 particle absorbed so 1 water follows

also the membrane is more permeable to K…it is more likely to diffuse and exert less pull on water

84
Q

What hormonal manipulations would you perform to increase reabsorption of sodium ions without increase blood volume

A

Increase adosterone and decrease ADH

85
Q

fill in the blanks

H2O + CO2 ↔[a]↔ H+ + [b]

A

H2CO3

HCO3-

86
Q

the body’s 3 major chemical buffering systems are the _____systems

A

phosphate
protein
bicarb

87
Q

match the characteristics of these 2 buffering systems

hours to days

minutes to hours

A

renal

respiratory

88
Q

The fastest compensatory mechanism for maintaining pH homeostasis in the human body is

A

chemical buffers

89
Q

the renal system compensates for

A

respiratory acidosis

respiratory alkalosis

90
Q

when you increased the blood pCO2 in activity 3 of PEX 10

A

blood pH declined initially

91
Q

the renal system compensates for

A

respiratory alkalosis

respiratory acidosis

92
Q

lowering the serum PCO2 simulates

A

respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation

93
Q

metabolic acidosis (low pH) is characterized by low plasma ________ (not pH,…I just told you that. Which molecule?

A

HCO3-

94
Q

when assessing changes in fixed acids, those that the kidney can adjust, one looks at serum_____ levels

A

HCO3-

95
Q

respiratory acidosis has a

A

pH under 7.35 and a pCO2 greater than 45

96
Q

what effect did raising the PCO2 have on the [H+] and the [HCO3-] in the urine

A

H+] increased

and

[HCO3-] decreased

97
Q

the renal system can compensate for

A

both respiratory and digestive pH changes

98
Q

with renal compensation for respiratory acidosis the pH of the urine

A

decreased due to [H+] increase

99
Q

metabolism in the body cells in activity 10-4 most directly simulates the rate of

A

cellular respiration

100
Q

the body system that compensates for metabolic alkalosis is

A

respiratory

101
Q

tidal volume and breaths per minute increase with increased metabolism because

A

increased metabolism produces more CO2

102
Q

select the choices that could lead to metabolic acidosis

A 
strenuous exercise
ketoacidosis
excess ETOH ingestion
diarrhea
salicylate (aspirin) poisoning
103
Q

excessive vomiting results in

A

loss of acid, metabolic alkalosis

104
Q

when metabolic rate decreases

A

breaths/minute decreases

105
Q

diarrhea

A

loss of bicarbonate from intestine leads to metabolic acidosis

106
Q

vomiting

A

loss of H+ from stomach leads to metabolic alkalosis

107
Q

constipation

A

excess resorption of HCO3- leads to metabolic alkalosis

108
Q

etoh overdose

A

metabolic acid due to excess acetic acid (vinegar

109
Q

strenuous exercise

A

buildup of lactic acid leads to metabolic acidosis

Physiology of Disease (8 decks)

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