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Physiology of Disease > Exam 3- CV dynamics > Flashcards

Exam 3- CV dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe is

A

directly proportional to the pressure gradient

indirectly proportional to the pipe’s resistance

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2
Q

select the three best choices that would DECREASE RESISTANCE to blood flow

A

increase radius

decrease length and blood viscosity

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3
Q

which has the greatest effect on blood flow

A

radius

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4
Q

blood flows in the opening of the blood vessel referred to as the _____

A

lumen

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5
Q

the driving force for blood flow is

A

pressure gradient

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6
Q

the body increases blood vessel radius through

A

smooth muscle rlaxation

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7
Q

after eating a heavy meal, while inactive one would expect

A

blood vessels to skeletal muscles to be constricted

blood vessels to digestive organs to be dilated

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8
Q

what is the source of the pressure gradient that drives fluid/blood flow in the body?

A

CO/ the heart pump

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9
Q

when you increased the flow tube radius the fluid flow rate

A

increased exponentially by a factor of 4

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10
Q

which do NOT contribute to viscosity of blood

A

CO2, O2, Na+ [ ]

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11
Q

the thickness or “stickiness” of a fluid is the ____

A

viscosity

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12
Q

increasing the viscosity

A

decreases flow rate

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13
Q

hypoalbuminemia is a reduction in serum albumin. The effect on blood viscosity would be to

A

decrease blood viscosity thus decrease resistance

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14
Q

with dehydration one would predict

A

increased viscosity and decreased flow rate

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15
Q

describe the components of blood that affect viscosity, and how changing the components change viscosity

A

The components of blood that affect viscosity are plasma proteins and formed elements. These include WBCs, RBCs, and platelets. Increasing any of these components will cause them to slide past one another more, increasing resistance and viscosity (decreasing flow rate). Decreasing any of these components will cause them to slide past eachother less, decreasing viscosity (increasing flow rate).

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16
Q

decrease blood flow

A

polycythemia vera
IV transfusion of RBCs
dehydration

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17
Q

increases blood flow

A

iron deficient anemia
liver disease
chronic gloeruloephritis
IV hydration with normal saline

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18
Q

What happens to vessel length then you lose weight?

A

decreases

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19
Q

increased flow tube length this lead to a

A

decreased flow rate

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20
Q

Which change occurs on a daily basis

A

diameter

21
Q

The body might decrease vessel radius

A

decrease delivery of nutrients to an area that is less metabolically active

22
Q

which correctly describes the relationship between blood vessel length, resistance and blood flow

A

blood vessel length is directly proportional to resistance and inversely proportional to blood flow

23
Q

why does a 10% change in blood vessel radius affect blood flow more than a 10% change in blood vessel length?

A

When changing blood vessel radius by 10%, blood flow is affected by more than 10% because blood flow increases to the fourth power of the vessel radius.

24
Q

why does weight change affect blood pressure

A

Weight directly affects the length of the vessels. The longer the vessel (heavier person) the more resistance/friction in the vessel, slowing th flow and increasing the pressure. The opposite will happen for a lighter person. Shorter vessel, less resistance, faster flow, decreased pressure

25
Q

the driving force for blood flow is

A

pressure gradient, which increases with an increase in cardiac output

26
Q

increased pressure or cardiac output from the heart will, in absence of other changes

A

increased blood flow

27
Q

arteries closest to the heart are described as elastic arteries because they stretch in response to

A

pressure from ejection of blood during systole

28
Q

What is laminar flow, and what effect does a smaller vessel radius have on laminar flow

A

Laminar flow is blood that flows freely in the middle of the vessel. In a smaller, vasoconstricted vessel there is more contact between the blood and the lumen decreasing laminar flow. This prevents or delays the rate of blood flow in the vasoconstricted vessel when compared to vasodilated vessels.

29
Q

isolated increase in force of contraction in the heart would likely

A

increase BP

30
Q

isolated increase in arterial radius would likely

A

increase BF to the area

31
Q

Was the plot for change in pressure different than that for changes in radius/viscosity or tube length? If so what was different

A

he pressure plot had a linear trend in the positive direction demonstrating a directly proportional relationship. The radius/viscosity and tube length, the trend was in an exponential manner representing the indirect relationship

32
Q

There is a more effective method for controlling blood flow throughout the body than changing the strength of contraction of the heart. What is it and why is it more effective?

A

The more effective method of controlling blood flow would be vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Changing the vessel diameter controls the flow of blood more effectively because it is a factor that is more easily changed from minute to minute.

33
Q

hen the piston pushed blood out of the chamber the volume remaining in the chamber would be closest to the

A

ESV

34
Q

layer of a blood vessel most affected by the ANS is

A

smooth muscle

35
Q

ncreased contractility of the heart results in all but which of the following

A

increase ESV

36
Q

the effect of increasing the R flow tube radius

A

increased flow rate
decreased resistance
increased pump rate

37
Q

In a normal individual [a] percent of the blood contained within the heart is ejected during ventricular systole leaving [b] percent in the ventricle

A

60, 40

38
Q

at rest the overlap length for maximum tension production in cardiac muscle is

A

less than optimum

39
Q

factors that can decrease preload are

A

severe blood loss
tachycardia
dehydration

40
Q

The cardiovascular system can adjust blood flow from either the heart or the peripheral vascular system.

What two changes can the heart make to adjust blood flow?

would this have a systemic effect (affect the whole body) or a local effect (just affect one part of the body)

A

change SV and HR

effect on systemic- BP and blood flow

41
Q

the degree to which the ventricles are stretched by the end diastolic volume is the _____

A

preload

42
Q

the pump rate was analogous to the heart rate, what happened to the rate when you increased the stroke volume?

A

the pump rate decreased to maintain cardiac output

43
Q

why might an athlete’s resting Heart rate be lower than an untrained individual

A

the athlete’s heart has stronger contractions thus stronger stroke volume

44
Q

compare optimal muscle length in cardiac muscle compared to that in skeletal muscle. What does this mean for cardiac function?

A

Optimal length for cardiac muscles is in a stretched length compared to skeletal muscle which has an optimal length at rest. The stretching of the myocardium allows for the sarcomeres to have optimal overlap of actin and myosin to produce the most efficient contraction. For cardiac function, this means that the more preload (prestretch) of the cardiac muscle, the stronger the contraction

45
Q

Which had the greatest compensatory effect?

A

increasing pump pressure

46
Q

Aortic valve stenosis would cause an

A

increased L ventricular afterload

47
Q

in vivo the heart would compensate for a decrease in flow tube radius by

A

adjusting the force of contraction of the heart

48
Q

In arteriosclerosis arteries lose their elasticity. One would expect

A

an increase in systolic BP, a decrease in diastolic BP thus a widening of the pulse pressure

49
Q

in aortic valve regurgitation during diastole blood flows back into the L ventricle. This effect would

A

increase preload in the next cycle thus increasing pulse pressure

Physiology of Disease (8 decks)

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