Exam 4- pulmonary Flashcards
Breathing, or the movement of air into or out of the lungs is _____
ventilation
______ is considered a passive process because muscle relaxtion does not require the use of ATP
expiration
the [a] [b] of a gas is the proportion of pressure that the gas exerts in a mixture
partial pressure
describing the mechanics of breathing is false
ventilation relies exclusively on contracting skeletal muscles
oxygen makes up _% of the atmosphere
21
select the muscles that contract during quiet expiration
internal intercostal muscles
none of these muscles contract during quiet expiration
diaphragm
external intercostal muscles
abdominal wall muscles
none of these muscles contract during quiet expiration
at the beginning of inspiration
thoracic cavity pressure decreases
At the beginning of expiration the
volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
expiratory reserve volume refers to the
maximum amount of air that can be forcefully expired
the FEV1% for 3.00 mm is _____%
70.2
the FEV1% for 5.00 mm is _____%
73.9
Using the values from the second recorded measurement the minute ventilation in ml/min is (for radius of 5.00)
7500
To calculate the vital capacity
you must know the TV, ERV and
IRV
measuring a person’s FVC means that you are measuring
the amount of air that can be expelled when the subject takes the deepest possible inspiration and then forcefully expires as completely and rapidly as possible
For a person suffering an asthma attack, inhaler medications are expected to
reduce the airway resistance
Which does NOT include the ERV
TV
the respiratory process most impaired by emphysema is
expiration
the amount of air that can be expelled when the subject takes the deepest possible inspiration and forcefully expires as completely and rapidly as possible is the [a][b][c] or by acronym [d]
forced vital capacity
FVC
select the correct statement(s) about asthma
features an inflammatory airway response
bronchiole smooth muscle spasms
airway resistance is increased
correct statement(s) about emphysema
the lung becomes overly compliant and expands easily
there is significant loss of elastic recoil in the lung tissue
airway resistance is increased
the measurment of the pecentage of the vital capacity that is expired during 1 sec of the FVC test is the [a][b][c] or by acronym [d]
forced expiratory volume
FEV1
to measure the Expiratory Reserve Volume one would measure the volume of air moved depicted by number _____
3
to measure the FEV1 one would measure the volume of air moved depicted by letter ___
A
during an asthma attack
inspiration and expiration are impaired,
Expiration is impaired more than inspiration
inhaler medications for asthma are designed to
relax bronchioles
In a patient with emphysema which lung values increased compared with a patient with normal lungs
RV-Residual Volume
In a patient with emphysema which lung values decreased compared with a patient with normal lungs
ERV IRV FVC FEV1 FEV1 %
In a patient with an untreated Asthma which lung values decreased compared with a patient with normal lungs
TV ERV IRV FVC FEV 1 FEV1%
In a patient with an untreated Asthma which lung values increased compared with a patient with normal lungs
RV
In a patient with treated Asthma which lung values decreased compared with a patient with normal lungs
IRV
FVC
FEV1
during moderate exercise which value changes the most?
IRV
During moderate exercise on PEX 7 a we saw a the largest increase in
tidal volume
When obstructive lung disease develops the FEV1%
decreases
Given TLC =6000, FVC =4800, RV=1200, IRV=2900, TV=500 all in ml
the ERV would be ___ml
1400
Given RV=1000, IRV=3000, TV=500, ERV=1500 all in cc or ml
the FVC would be____cc or ml
5000
what is the largest volume in a normal patient
IRV
Which represents a decreased flow rate seen in obstructive lung disease
FEV1
the RV in patients with emphysema and asthma
increases in both asthma and emphysema
in obstructive lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis and asthma airway radius is decreased,
thus FEV1 will
decrease proportionately
Discuss the similarities between emphysema and asthma
In both, airway resistance increases, the airways collapse before expiration is done. In both, ERV, RV, FVC, and FEV1 are all decreased while RV is increased
Discuss the differences both in pathophysiology and in chronicity b/w emphysema and asthma
by pathophysiology I mean what goes wrong in emphysema v what goes wrong in asthma
by chronicity I mean timing: constant v sporadic
In emphysema, there is a decrease in the recoil of the lungs. This causes the walls of the alveoli to become destroyed. With emphysema, the chronicity is constant (occurs all the time)
In asthma, is an inflammatory response that constricts the airways. This is a sporadic occurrence, only occurring when triggered by allergens, extreme temperatures, or exercise
Which of the following statements about surface tension is false?
surface tension occurs at any gas-gas boundary
ust prior to inspiration the pressure with the intrapleural cavity
is referred to as the interpleural pressure
Which statement about surfactant is false?
surfactant is a detergent-like mixture of lipids and peptides that increases the surface tension
a pneumothorax refers to
any opening that equalizes the intrapleural pressure with the atmospheric pressure
a pneumothorax can lead to
atelectasis
Adding surfactant to lungs that do not have surfactant leads to
a decrease in surface tension in the lungs
in this activity a pneumothorax is automatically followed by
atelectasis
the best way to rapidly reinflate a person’s collapsed lung is to
pump air out of the intrapleural space to recreate negative pressure
Opening the valve in the side of the glass bell jar
simulated pneumothorax
the addition of surfactant to the lung interior
increased airflow
Why does adding surfactant lead to the observed change in air flow?
surfactant coats the alveoli and decreases surface tension. When surface tension decrease, air flow increases
an increase in H+ concentration would
decrease pH
the reaction of carbon dioxide combining with water is catalyzed by
carbonic anhydrase
with hyperventilation one expects to see
pH will increase
PCO2 will decrease
when one returns to normal breathing after hyperventilating (as seen in PEX 10a) the effect is
breathing stops temporarily to retain carbon dioxide
hyperventilation results in
respiratory alkalosis
which is NOT a potential cause of respiratory alkalosis?
emphysema
the renal system can compensate for respiratory acidosis by
excreting H+ and retaining HCO3-
why did breathing stop after finishing hyperventilation?
to retain CO2
carbon dioxide and water can join to form
carbonic acid-a weak acid
which is true of respiratory acidosis
the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood is greater than normal
with rebreathing
pH decreases
PCO2 increases
which can cause respiratory acidosis
airway obstruction
rebreathing simulates
hypoventilation and respiratory acidosis
respiratory acidosis can be caused by all of the following except
anxiety attack
