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Physiology of Disease > Exam 4- pulmonary > Flashcards

Exam 4- pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Breathing, or the movement of air into or out of the lungs is _____

A

ventilation

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2
Q

______ is considered a passive process because muscle relaxtion does not require the use of ATP

A

expiration

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3
Q

the [a] [b] of a gas is the proportion of pressure that the gas exerts in a mixture

A

partial pressure

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4
Q

describing the mechanics of breathing is false

A

ventilation relies exclusively on contracting skeletal muscles

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5
Q

oxygen makes up _% of the atmosphere

A

21

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6
Q

select the muscles that contract during quiet expiration
internal intercostal muscles

none of these muscles contract during quiet expiration

diaphragm

external intercostal muscles

abdominal wall muscles

A

none of these muscles contract during quiet expiration

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7
Q

at the beginning of inspiration

A

thoracic cavity pressure decreases

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8
Q

At the beginning of expiration the

A

volume of the thoracic cavity decreases

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9
Q

expiratory reserve volume refers to the

A

maximum amount of air that can be forcefully expired

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10
Q

the FEV1% for 3.00 mm is _____%

A

70.2

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11
Q

the FEV1% for 5.00 mm is _____%

A

73.9

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12
Q

Using the values from the second recorded measurement the minute ventilation in ml/min is (for radius of 5.00)

A

7500

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13
Q

To calculate the vital capacity

you must know the TV, ERV and

A

IRV

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14
Q

measuring a person’s FVC means that you are measuring

A

the amount of air that can be expelled when the subject takes the deepest possible inspiration and then forcefully expires as completely and rapidly as possible

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15
Q

For a person suffering an asthma attack, inhaler medications are expected to

A

reduce the airway resistance

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16
Q

Which does NOT include the ERV

A

TV

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17
Q

the respiratory process most impaired by emphysema is

A

expiration

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18
Q

the amount of air that can be expelled when the subject takes the deepest possible inspiration and forcefully expires as completely and rapidly as possible is the [a][b][c] or by acronym [d]

A

forced vital capacity

FVC

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19
Q

select the correct statement(s) about asthma

A

features an inflammatory airway response
bronchiole smooth muscle spasms
airway resistance is increased

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20
Q

correct statement(s) about emphysema

A

the lung becomes overly compliant and expands easily
there is significant loss of elastic recoil in the lung tissue
airway resistance is increased

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21
Q

the measurment of the pecentage of the vital capacity that is expired during 1 sec of the FVC test is the [a][b][c] or by acronym [d]

A

forced expiratory volume

FEV1

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22
Q

to measure the Expiratory Reserve Volume one would measure the volume of air moved depicted by number _____

A

3

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23
Q

to measure the FEV1 one would measure the volume of air moved depicted by letter ___

A

A

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24
Q

during an asthma attack

A

inspiration and expiration are impaired,

Expiration is impaired more than inspiration

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25
Q

inhaler medications for asthma are designed to

A

relax bronchioles

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26
Q

In a patient with emphysema which lung values increased compared with a patient with normal lungs

A

RV-Residual Volume

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27
Q

In a patient with emphysema which lung values decreased compared with a patient with normal lungs

A 
ERV
IRV
FVC
FEV1
FEV1 %
28
Q

In a patient with an untreated Asthma which lung values decreased compared with a patient with normal lungs

A 
TV
ERV
IRV
FVC
FEV 1
FEV1%
29
Q

In a patient with an untreated Asthma which lung values increased compared with a patient with normal lungs

A

RV

30
Q

In a patient with treated Asthma which lung values decreased compared with a patient with normal lungs

A

IRV
FVC
FEV1

31
Q

during moderate exercise which value changes the most?

A

IRV

32
Q

During moderate exercise on PEX 7 a we saw a the largest increase in

A

tidal volume

33
Q

When obstructive lung disease develops the FEV1%

A

decreases

34
Q

Given TLC =6000, FVC =4800, RV=1200, IRV=2900, TV=500 all in ml

the ERV would be ___ml

A

1400

35
Q

Given RV=1000, IRV=3000, TV=500, ERV=1500 all in cc or ml

the FVC would be____cc or ml

A

5000

36
Q

what is the largest volume in a normal patient

A

IRV

37
Q

Which represents a decreased flow rate seen in obstructive lung disease

A

FEV1

38
Q

the RV in patients with emphysema and asthma

A

increases in both asthma and emphysema

39
Q

in obstructive lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis and asthma airway radius is decreased,

thus FEV1 will

A

decrease proportionately

40
Q

Discuss the similarities between emphysema and asthma

A

In both, airway resistance increases, the airways collapse before expiration is done. In both, ERV, RV, FVC, and FEV1 are all decreased while RV is increased

41
Q

Discuss the differences both in pathophysiology and in chronicity b/w emphysema and asthma

by pathophysiology I mean what goes wrong in emphysema v what goes wrong in asthma

by chronicity I mean timing: constant v sporadic

A

In emphysema, there is a decrease in the recoil of the lungs. This causes the walls of the alveoli to become destroyed. With emphysema, the chronicity is constant (occurs all the time)

In asthma, is an inflammatory response that constricts the airways. This is a sporadic occurrence, only occurring when triggered by allergens, extreme temperatures, or exercise

42
Q

Which of the following statements about surface tension is false?

A

surface tension occurs at any gas-gas boundary

43
Q

ust prior to inspiration the pressure with the intrapleural cavity

A

is referred to as the interpleural pressure

44
Q

Which statement about surfactant is false?

A

surfactant is a detergent-like mixture of lipids and peptides that increases the surface tension

45
Q

a pneumothorax refers to

A

any opening that equalizes the intrapleural pressure with the atmospheric pressure

46
Q

a pneumothorax can lead to

A

atelectasis

47
Q

Adding surfactant to lungs that do not have surfactant leads to

A

a decrease in surface tension in the lungs

48
Q

in this activity a pneumothorax is automatically followed by

A

atelectasis

49
Q

the best way to rapidly reinflate a person’s collapsed lung is to

A

pump air out of the intrapleural space to recreate negative pressure

50
Q

Opening the valve in the side of the glass bell jar

A

simulated pneumothorax

51
Q

the addition of surfactant to the lung interior

A

increased airflow

52
Q

Why does adding surfactant lead to the observed change in air flow?

A

surfactant coats the alveoli and decreases surface tension. When surface tension decrease, air flow increases

53
Q

an increase in H+ concentration would

A

decrease pH

54
Q

the reaction of carbon dioxide combining with water is catalyzed by

A

carbonic anhydrase

55
Q

with hyperventilation one expects to see

A

pH will increase

PCO2 will decrease

56
Q

when one returns to normal breathing after hyperventilating (as seen in PEX 10a) the effect is

A

breathing stops temporarily to retain carbon dioxide

57
Q

hyperventilation results in

A

respiratory alkalosis

58
Q

which is NOT a potential cause of respiratory alkalosis?

A

emphysema

59
Q

the renal system can compensate for respiratory acidosis by

A

excreting H+ and retaining HCO3-

60
Q

why did breathing stop after finishing hyperventilation?

A

to retain CO2

61
Q

carbon dioxide and water can join to form

A

carbonic acid-a weak acid

62
Q

which is true of respiratory acidosis

A

the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood is greater than normal

63
Q

with rebreathing

A

pH decreases

PCO2 increases

64
Q

which can cause respiratory acidosis

A

airway obstruction

65
Q

rebreathing simulates

A

hypoventilation and respiratory acidosis

66
Q

respiratory acidosis can be caused by all of the following except

A

anxiety attack

Physiology of Disease (8 decks)

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