Exam 4 Questions Flashcards
In _____ signaling, messenger molecules travel short distances through extracellular space.
paracrine
Which of the following transmit messages between cells?
first messengers
Adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C are examples of ______.
effectors
EGF and PDGF are examples of ______.
first messengers
Which of the following adds phosphate groups to glycogen?
phosphorylase
Which of the following makes inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)?
phospholipase
Which of the following phosphorylates RTKs?
RTK
Which of the following is deactivated by protein kinase A?
glycogen synthase
In ______ signaling, the cell has receptors on its surface that respond to the messenger molecules that the same cell makes.
autocrine
Which of the following receive messages between cells?
receptors
Transcriptions factors that are activated by phosphorylation are examples of ______ in a signaling pathway.
target proteins
Glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase are examples of ______ in a signaling pathway.
target proteins
Which of the following removes phosphate groups from phosphorylated proteins?
phosphatase
Which of the following is activated by cAMP?
protein kinase A
Which of the following binds to phosphorylated GPCRs?
arrestin
Which of the following activates adenylyl cyclase?
heterotrimeric G protein
Which of the following is activated by phosphorylase kinase?
glycogen phosphorylase
In ______ signaling, messenger molecules reach their target cells through the bloodstream.
endocrine
IP3 and DAG are examples of _____.
second messengers
Glucagon and insulin are examples of ______.
first messengers
GPCRs and RTKs are examples of _______.
receptors
Which of the following adds phosphate groups to proteins?
kinase
Which of the following breaks down cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP and cGMP?
phosphodiesterase
Which of the following phosphorylates GPCRs?
GRK
Which of the following is activated by protein kinase A?
phosphorylase kinase
Which of the following makes cAMP?
adenylyl cyclase
Which of the following is activated by cGMP?
protein kinase G
Which of the following is involved in making inositol triphosphate (IP3)?
PI 4-kinase
Which of the following is activated by calcium?
ryanodine receptor
Which of the following activates cAMP response element binding (CREB) transcription factors?
protein kinase A
Which of the following has SH2 (Src homology 2) or PTB (phosphotyrosine binding) domain?
growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (grb2)
Which of the following has SH2 (Src homology 2) or PTB (phosphotyrosine binding) domain?
insulin receptor substrate
Which of the following would enable a proteins to bind to PIP3?
PH domain
Which of the following is activated by a phosphatase?
Glycogen synthase
The ryanodine receptor is an example of a ____.
Ligand-gated channel
Which of the following is activated by DAG?
protein kinase C
Which of the following has PH domain which allows it to bind to phosphatidyl inositol trisphosphate (PIP3)?
protein kinase B
Which of the following is found in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
IP3 receptor
Which of the following is deactivated by MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1)?
mitogen activated protein kinase
Which of the following is a protein kinase that is activated by a monomeric G protein?
rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (raf)
Which of the following has protein kinase activity?
insulin receptor
Which of the following is a second messenger?
cAMP
Adenylyl cyclase makes ___ from ATP.
cAMP
The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is an example of a ____.
Receptor protein tyrosine kinase
Which of the following is involved in making phosphatidyl inositol trisphosphate (PIP3)?
PI 3-kinase
Which of the following is involved in making inositol triphosphate (IP3)?
phospholipase C
Which of the following activates STAT transcription factors?
receptor protein tyrosine kinase
Which of the following is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that can activate G proteins?
son of sevenless (sos)
Which of the following is a binding site for proteins containing a PH (pleckstrin homology) domain?
PIP3
Phosphodiesterase converts cAMP to ____.
AMP
The glucocorticoid receptor is an example of a ____.
Nuclear receptor
Which of the following activates caspase-activated DNase (CAD)?
executioner caspase
Which of the following forms part of the apoptosome?
cytochrome c
procaspase-9
Which of the following forms a protein-lined channel in the mitochondria, which releases cytochrome c?
bax (bcl2-associated X protein)
When Ras is bound to ____, then it is active.
GTP
Which of the following has a death effector domain?
procaspase-8
Which of the following is part of the extrinsic but not intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
tumor necrosis factor
procaspase-8
Which of the following is a second messenger that activates a calcium channel in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
inositol trisphosphate
Which of the following prevents exchange of GDP for GTP in monomeric G proteins?
GDI (guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor)
Which of the following cleaves executioner procaspases?
initiator caspase-8
Which of the following is part of the intrinsic but not extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
cytochrome c
procaspase-9
Which of the following is an antiapoptotic protein that inhibits the release of cytochrome c?
bcl2 (B-cell lymphoma 2)
Which of the following makes cGMP?
guanylyl cyclase
Which of the following activates procaspase-8?
procaspase-8
Which of the following is an intercellular messenger that activates guanylyl cyclase?
nitric oxide
Which of the following is inhibited by Viagra?
cGMP phosphodiesterase
Which of the following activates calmodulin, which in turn modulates that activity of protein kinases and other proteins?
calcium
Which of the following is the substrate of initiator caspase-8?
executioner procaspase
Which of the following is part of the extrinsic but not intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
procaspase-8
Which of the following is recognized as an “eat me” signal by specialized macrophages?
phosphatidylserine
Which type of cancer has the highest incidence in men?
Prostate cancer
Which of the following can be caused by human papilloma virus?
Cervical cancer
Figure 16.4 suggests that:
Cancer cells do not require growth stimulatory signals.
Which of the following is true about oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes?
Loss of function of both copies of a tumor repressor gene can lead to cancer.
Enhanced function of a single copy of an oncogene can lead to cancer.
Which of the following tumor suppressor genes encodes a protein that is part of complex involved in DNA repair?
BRCA1
Which of the following oncogenes encodes a protein that affect the genetic state of chromatin, such as DNA methylation patterns?
DNMT3A
Which of the following mutation will lead to tumor formation if it occurs in the APC gene?
reduced affinity to a transcription factor
Which of the following oncogenes encodes a membrane-bound protein that inhibits apoptosis?
BCL-2
Loss of p53 function will lead to _____.
suppression of apoptosis
Loss of RB gene function will lead to _____.
enhanced cell proliferation
One of the functions of p53 is _____.
activation of transcription
cell cycle arrest at G1
apoptosis
Which of the following genes is mutated in the earliest stages of colon cancer?
APC
Which of the following is an antibody that blocks an EGF receptor (HER1) from binding EGF that stimulates proliferation of metastatic colon cancer?
Vectibix
Treating chronic myelogenous leukemia with Gleevec, which is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is an example of _____.
inhibiting cancer-promoting proteins
Which type of cancer has the highest incidence in women?
Breast cancer
Which of the following can be caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori?
Stomach cancer
When cancer cells are grown under conditions where normal cells form a monolayer, cancers cells pile on top of one another to form clumps. This observation suggests that:
Cancer cells do not respond to growth inhibitory signals.
Which of the following is true about oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?
Oncogenes promote growth while tumor suppressor genes restrain growth.
Oncogenes act dominantly while tumor suppressor genes act recessively.
Which of the following tumor suppressor genes is associated with formation of polyps that can lead to colon cancer?
APC
Which of the following is the first oncogene to be discovered?
SRC
Which of the following mutation will lead to tumor formation if it occurs in the RB gene?
loss of phosphorylation sites (n)
Which of the following oncogenes is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of proteins and noncoding RNAs involved in cell growth and proliferation?
MYC
Loss of the GTPase function of RAS may lead to _____.
enhanced cell proliferation
Enhanced MDM2 function will lead to _____.
suppression of apoptosis
Which of the following is an antibody that binds to a cell-surface protein (CD20) that is present on the malignant B-cells in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Rituxan
The use of anti-CD20 antibodies to treat non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is an example of _____.
passive immunotherapy
The most common cancer among Japanese men but not in first and second generation Japanese migrants to Hawaii is _____.
Prostate cancer (n)
Stomach cancer
Which of the following can be caused by hepatitis B virus?
Liver cancer
Which of the following is not true about cancer cells?
Cancer cells do not have high metabolic requirements.
Which of the following tumor suppressor genes encodes a protein that prevents transcription of genes involved in the transition from G1 to S phase?
RB
Which of the following is the first oncogene to be discovered?
SRC
Which of the following mutation will convert RAS from a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?
loss of GTPase activity
Which of the following oncogenes encodes a protein that prevents apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by binding to p53?
MDM2
Loss of BCL-2 gene function will lead to _____.
apoptosis
Increased levels of EGFR will lead to _____.
enhanced cell proliferation
One of the functions of BCL-2 is _____.
suppression of apoptosis
Which of the following genes is mutated in the later stages of colon cancer when the tumor is clearly malignant?
TP53
Which of the following is an anticancer drug that inhibits a specific mutated version of BRAF found in metastatic melanoma?
Zelboraf
DCVax, which is described as a cancer vaccine, is an example of _____.
active immunotherapy
Which of the following has the lowest survival rate?
Pancreatic cancer
Which of the following can be caused by the herpes virus HHV-8?
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans can reveal the location of metastatic tumors where glucose uptake is elevated because:
Cancer cells have high metabolic requirements.
Which of the following tumor suppressor genes is a transciption factor that activates genes involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis?
TP53
Which of the following mutation will lead to tumor formation if it occurs in the MDM2 gene?
enhanced affinity to a transcription factor
The cancer-causing avian erythroblastosis virus contained an oncogene derived from which of the following proto-oncogenes?
EGFR
Loss of certain phosphorylation sites in RB gene but not its function will lead to _____.
cell cycle arrest at G1
Loss of RAF gene function may lead to _____.
reduced cell proliferation
One of the functions of PKB (AKT1) is _____.
suppression of apoptosis
Which of the following is an antibody that blocks VEGF from binding to its receptor, thus inhibiting angiogenesis?
Avastin
The use of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to kill cancer cells is an example of _____.
active immunotherapy
The highest number of cancer deaths come from _____.
Lung cancer
Which of the following can be caused by the Epstein-Barr virus?
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Cancer comes from _____.
a singe cell line with multiple genetic alterations
Which of the following tumor suppressor genes encodes phosphoinositide phosphatase?
PTEN
Which of the following oncogenes encodes a protein that affect the genetic state of chromatin, such as DNA methylation patterns?
DNMT3A
Which of the following mutation will lead to tumor formation if it occurs in the p53 gene?
loss of phosphorylation sites
Which of the following oncogenes encodes a metabolic enzyme in the TCA cycle, which can mutate to produce an abnormal metabolite that affects histone demethylation and DNA methylation?
IDH1
Loss of NF1 (a RAS GTPase activating protein) gene function will lead to _____.
enhanced cell proliferation
Enhanced PTEN function will lead to _____.
apoptosis
Which of the following is an antibody that blocks an EGF receptor (HER2) from binding EGF that stimulates proliferation of breast cancer cells?
Herceptin
DCVax, which is described as a cancer vaccine, is an example of _____.
active immunotherapy
Aneuploidy is evidence that:
Cancer cells do not respond to apoptotic signals.
Which of the following mutation will lead to tumor formation if it occurs in the NF1 gene?
loss of GTPase activation activity
Which of the following proto-oncogene encodes a protein kinase and most closely linked to melanoma?
RAF
Loss of RAS gene function will lead to _____.
reduced cell proliferation
Enhanced PI3K function will lead to _____.
suppression of apoptosis
One of the functions of BRCA1 is _____.
DNA repair
The cancer-causing simian sarcoma virus contained an oncogene derived from which of the following proto-oncogenes?
PDGF