Exam 4 part 3 Flashcards
bronchiectasis
widening of the bronchial tubes that allows mucus buildup
asthma pathophysiology
bronchi and bronchioles are excessively responsive to stimuli leading to bronchoconstriction, inflammation with edema, and increased secretion of thick mucus –> interfere with air flow
cystic fibrosis pathophysiology
- Genetic disorder: Autosomal recessive
- Defective chloride channel -> high NaCl in sweat
- Less Na+ and water in respiratory mucus and in pancreatic secretions - Mucus is thicker
- Obstructs airways
- Obstructs the pancreatic and biliary ducts
cystic fibrosis etiology
Genetic disorder: autosomal recessive
Carriers are asympotmatic
Family history –> genetic testing
cystic fibrosis s/s
- salty skin
- malabsorption with steatorrhea (bulky, fatty, foul stools)
- abdominal distension
failure to gain weight - pulmonary involvement –> chronic cough, frequent respiratory infections
- as lung damage proceeds –> hypoxia, fatigue, exercise intolerance
chest may be overinflated due to air trapping (barrel chest)
cystic fibrosis primary effects on organs
Lungs and pancreas
- Obstruct passages
Lungs: mucus obstructs air flow
- causing air trapping or atelectasis
- Increase risk of infection
- Respiratory failure or cor pulmonale
Pancreas: digestive enzymes unable to reach small intestine.
- Ducts of exocrine pancreas become blocked
- pancreatitis
- Malabsorption / malnutrition
- Diabetes Mellitus
Blockage of bile duct by mucus
First signs appear in new born in which small intestine become blocked by mucus
cor pulmonale
right sided heart failure due to pulmonary HTN (by COPD and cystic fibrosis)
diabetes in CF patients
build up of mucus in pancreas damages insulin producing cells
respiratory distress syndrome
- lack of surfactant, alveoli can’t inflate
- protein rich fluid leaks into alveoli and blocks o2 intake
- preterm infants most at risk
COPD and polycythemia
decreased o2 in the blood causes more RBCs to be made (erythropoeitin)
nocturnal enuresis
bed wetting
Postmicturition dribble
urine remaining in the urethraafter voiding the bladderslowly leaks out after urination
Continuous urinary leakage
constant leakage of urine due to an inherited abnormality or sphincter (valve) injury
(no bladder control)
Functional incontinence
A physical or mental impairment keeps you from making it to the toilet in time.
- brain damage, neurological impairment or spinal injury
(interferes with voluntary neurological control of the bladder)
diuretics function
remove excess water by the kidneys (not used if renal disease present) - dilute urine
- HTN
- CHF
- pulmonary edema
hydrochlorothiazide
mild diuretic - K wasting (can cause arrythmias)
furosemide (lasix)
potent diuretic - k wasting (can cause arrythmias)
spironolactone
k sparing diuretic
- aldosterone antagonist
(can cause arrythmias)
osmotic diuretic
given IV
side effects of k wasting diuretics
excessive loss of electrolytes - muscle weakness, cardiac arrythmias, orthostatic hypotension
What will happen to GFR if you dilate/constrict afferent(enter)/efferent(exit) arteriole
Dilating afferent arteriole and constricting efferent arteriole increases GFR.
constricting afferent arteriole and dilating efferent arteriole decreases GFR.
pathophysiology of post streptococcal glomerular nephritis
- Proliferative inflammatory response
- develops around 7-10 following streptococcal infection (group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus - associated with strep bacteria)
post streptococcal glomerular nephritis hypersensitivity
type 3
the antibody-antigen complex are deposited in the glomerular capillary wall or extravascular tissue - activation of complement, increased capillary wall permeability
s/s streptococcal glomerular nephritis
- flank pain due to swelling of kidneys
- urine - dark (cola colored) and cloudy
– Proteinuria
– Hematuria
– Erythrocyte casts (skeleton of what remains of a cell after the insides have been removed) - decreased urine production as GFR declines –> oliguria
– Azotemia (presence of nitrogenous wastes in the blood)
– Edema due to sodium and water retention, also loss of protein - increased BP due to decreased GFR and increased renin
cystitis
- lower UTI
- bladder inflammation and infection
- caused by urinary retension
- dysuria, smaller bladder, systemic signs of infection, lower ab pain, blood coming from bladder wall
