Exam 2 - chapter 24 Flashcards
hodgkin lymphoma
Malignant b cells invade lymphoid organs
Adults 20-40 years
Spreads from lymph node to lymph node and then to organs via lymphatic system
Defective b-lymphocytes → reed sternberg cells (larger, multinuclei, abnormal shape)
Stages hodgkin lymphoma
1: 1 lymph node involved
Stage 2: 2+ lymph nodes in same region on the same side of the diaphragm (thoracic region)
Stage 3: lymph nodes on both sides of diaphragm
Stage 4: spread outside of lymphatic system
Internal organs, liver, bones, spleen etc
Sooner you catch it, better prognosis, can be eradicated if caught ear
Non hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple lymph node involvement scattered throughout the body at diagnosis
Wide spread metastases at diagnosis
More difficult to treat
Can either be b cell or cell lymphoma
Indolent vs aggressive
No reed sternberg cells
Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, prognosis (localized is better if caught early)
Acute leukemia
Young age of onset
Myelogenous or lymphoid cells that are affected cause disease
Comes on fast and is severe
Responds better to treatment
Better prognosis
More undifferentiated cells
Chronic leukemia
Older age of onset
Myelogenous or lymphoid cells that are affect cause disease
Less severe, comes on slower
Responds worse to treatment
Worse prognosis
More differentiated and mature cells
What is the most common type of leukemia seen in children, seen in adults
Children: acute lymphotic leukemia (ALL)
Adult: acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphotic leukemia (CLL)
Treatment leukemia
chemo and bone marrow transplant
Philadelphia chromosome
Translocation or splitting and sharing of material between chromosome 9 and 22. Chromosome 22 has a piece of 9 on it, results in CML
Know what cells give rise to myelogenous and lymphocytic leukemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia*: B or T lymphocytes
Acute myelogenous leukemia#: granulocytes
Acute monocytic leukemia: monocytes
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: B lymphocytes#
Chronic myelogenous leukemia: granulocytes
most common type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma- most common
develops in teens and young adults 15–35 years of age
CML
(10-15% of all leukemias - philadelphia’s chromosome)
Diagnosed in older ppl, avg 67 yo
Excessive production of granulocytes, erythroid precurses and megakaryocytes
3 phases
Chronic phase of variable length CML
Onset sloe with non specific symptoms like weakness, weight loss
leukocytosis , anemia, thrombocytopenia
Accelerated phase
CML
Enlarged spleen and progressive symptoms
Increases basophils count and more immature cells in blood/bone marrow
Low grade fever, night sweats, bone pain(rapid division of cells in bone marrow), proliferation of leukemic cells
Terminal blast crisis phase (3 mo to live)
Evolution to acute leukemia and is characterized by an increase number of immature myeloid precurse cells especially blast cells
Symptoms: shortness of breath, dyspnea, lethargy, headache, bleeding from gums
Poor prognosis, increased risk of infection
CLL
33%
B lymphotcytes
Aggerssive form, less aggressive form
Diagnosed in older population 72 yo avg
Rarely seen in people under 40
Hypogammaglobulinemia - increased infection
mononucleosis
Caused by Epstein bar virus, spread via contact with oral secretions (b cells)
Atypical, enlarged, lymphocytes
Heterophil antibody produced by infected B cells and reacts with antigens from another species (ie sheep RBC)
Hepatitis and splenomegaly
Nausia, anorexia, hepatomegaly and jaundice
Overall increase in WBC
multiple myeloma
Abnormal B cells
Idiopathic
Occurring in adults and involves plasma cells what are plasma cells?
Proliferation/activation of osteoclasts
Break down bone
Plasma cells collect in bone causing multiple tumors with erosion of bone
Impaired blood cell formation, impaired antibody production
Hypercalcemia
multiple myeloma s/s
Frequent infections
Bone pain
Multiple Fractures
Anemia
Kidney function - proteinuria and renal failure
multiple myeloma Diagnosis
M proteins, bone pain, increased plasma cells in blood, >10% plasma cells in bone marrow
multiple myeloma Treatment
Chemotherapy
thalidomide
Analgesics for bone pain
Blood transfusion
Treatment for kidney problems
Kidney and bone marrow transplant
