Exam 4- Oxygenation and Circulation Flashcards
A baby born at <35 weeks (premie) are at risk for (4)?
- Respiratory Distress
- Atelectasis
- Hyperapnea
- Hypoxemia
Why are premies at risk for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
Because premies don’t have surfactant producing cells to keep alveoli inflated.
A baby born @ 40 weeks (normal) are at risk for (3)?
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
- Apnea
- Decreased immune system- breast milk best for it’s antibodies
Why are babies at risk for Respiratory Syncytial Virus? RSV
because their CNS is immature and may not have regulation of breathing and leads to SIDS
Why are toddlers at risk for respiratory problems?
Because their tonsils are enlarged compared to an adult, and they’re always putting things in their mouth, AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION is a concern..DROWNING
What respiratory problems are school-aged children susceptible to?
- Croupe
2. Pneumonia
What risk factors are adolescents exposed to?
SMOKING because of peer pressure, social reasons, not as many dr. visits as before, smoking at a younger age.
What respiratory problem are young/middle adults at risk for and what’s the pathophys?
SMOKER’S LUNG- (at cellular level)- columnar epithelial cells turn into squamous epi cells due to SMOKING. Cilia may be paralyzed.
What may happen if a smoker quits smoking?
Cellular change is possible! Quitting is a benefit and can reverse bad cells/negative effects of smoking
What respiratory problem are elderly adults at risk for?
GERD- gastro esophageal reflux disease= increased risk for aspirations.
What physical changes are occurring in older adults that can cause respiratory problems?
- Decreased no. of cells
- Decreased lung expansion
- Decreased alveolar inflation (AEB diminished lung sounds)
- Inability to expel mucous or foreign materials
- less ventilation
- poorer immune response
- Heart muscle looses contractility strength
- Coughing- fluids end up going into lungs
What happens during the allergic reaction, Asthma?
Rxn in bronchioles caused by irritants: cold air, dust, mold, pets.
Causes: bronchoconstriction
bronchospasms
lower airway edema
What medication do you give to a pt with asthma and what does the medication do?
Albuterol- broncho dilator- give in mist form so med can get absorbed. If mask- turns high flow 02 into a mist with prescribed time (5 min)
What does an uncomplicated rib fracture do to a person?
PAINFUL and causes pt to take DEEP shallow BREATHS, be immobile and fluid accumulation= PNEUMONIA.
As a nurse what would you implement for a pt with an uncomplicated rib fracture?
- Take a pillow to chest/rib fracture to help with pain and splint themselves.
- Treat pain so pt can move around
What is flail chest?
trauma. Broken bone/segment of rib. Separated from chest wall r/t stress, falling, abuse, accident
What physiological changes happens to a pregnant pt in regards to their metabolism and blood volume?
15% increase in metabolism rate during 2nd half of pregnancy and mother compensates 30% blood volume
What does a pregnant pt require and why? What nursing interventions would you implement?
- ADDITIONAL IRON to meet fetal requirements.
2. Increase Fe in diet or supps and prenatal vitamin
What happens to a pt with a fever in regards to their respiratory function?
For every 1 F -> Increased 7% BMR which Increases Respirations and Increases Respiratory Workload
What are 4 alterations in Respiratory functioning?
- Hyperventilation
- Hypoventilation
- Hypoxia
- Hypoxemia
What is hypoxia?
inadequate tissue oxygenation cellular level
What is hypoxemia?
inadequate oxygenation of blood
What is hyperventilation?
tachypnea- increased respiratory rate, exhale too much C02- alkalosis
What is hypoventilation?
Bradypnea- inadequate ventilation to meet body’s demand. C02 build up- acidosis
What is atelectasis?
Collapse of the alveoli- anything that reduces lung sounds/function
What can cause atelectasis?
Tumor or obstructed airway
What are S and Sx of upper respiratory infections?
COLDS and FLUS- headache, fatigue, fever, mortality rates
What are examples of lower respiratory infections?
ACUTE, CHRONIC- bronchitis, RSV, pneumonia, TB
What are 6 different breathing patterns?
- Apnea- none
- Eupnea- normal
- Bradypnea- slow
- Tachypnea- fast
- Dyspnea- (DOE) difficulty breathing on exertion
- Orthopnea- difficulty breathing while LYING DOWN
What are two common drugs given to ad contractility of the Heart?
- Digoxin
2. Nitroglycerin
What does Coumadin do?
ANTICOAGULANT- interferes with hepatic synthesis of vit. K- dependent clotting factors
Therapeutic efx: prevention of thrombo embolic events
What are nursing interventions for a pt on Coumadin?
assess for BLEEDING and hemorrhage.
Blood in stool, UA, NG aspirate
What is the #1 gas for breathing?
C02.
Low levels of 02 is separate way for air to get back into lungs.
External versus Internal Respiration
External-occurs in alveoli- alveolar capillary exchange
Internal- occurs in organs & tissues- capillary tissue exchange
What is the SA node’s duty for the heart?
PACEMAKER!