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Nursing 1610 > Exam 3- Fluids and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Exam 3- Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

What maintains homeostasis?

A

Fluids and electrolytes

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2
Q

Why are fluids essential for the body?

A
  1. GI absorption of nutrients
  2. transport of nutrients, electrolytes, and 02 to cells
  3. regulation of body temp
  4. transport cellular wastes
  5. lubrication of joints and membranes
  6. medium for food digestion
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3
Q

What is the primary source of fluid loss?

A

URINATION. urine output.

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4
Q

Sensible versus Insensible

A

Sensible-CAN SEE via sweat, losing water and electrolytes

Insensible- respirating air, CANNOT SEE the h20 loss and no electrolyte loss. From lungs and skin.

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5
Q

What are the 2 diff fluid compartments?

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) and Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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6
Q

What is the most prevalent cation and anion in ICF?

A

K+
P04- Phosphate-
Fluid w/in cells

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7
Q

What is the most prevalent cation and anion in ECF?

A

Na+
Chloride-
interstitial
intravascular- plasma needs blood test

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8
Q

6 ways to control fluid and electrolyte movement

A
  1. Diffusion- 02 from lungs to body
  2. Facilitated Diffusion- lock and key no ATP required
  3. Active Transport- 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
  4. Osmosis- High to Low conc.
  5. Hydrostatic Pressure- BP pushes everything out of cap. beds
  6. Oncotic pressure
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9
Q

Oncotic pressure involves?

A

Albumins- Albumins stay in the CV system and attracts h20 & keeps fluid vol and oncotic pressure going.

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10
Q

What is first fluid spacing?

A

everything in homeostasis, normal distribution of fluid

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11
Q

What is second fluid spacing?

A

abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid..EDEMA/SWELLING

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12
Q

What is third fluid spacing?

A

Fluid accumulation in part of body where it is not easily exchanged with ECF. TRAPPED w/in compartments (pleura, cv areas, brain, synovial sac) body c/n excrete it regularly

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13
Q

What is ascites?

A

Fluid accumulation in abdominal cavity, seen in alchys.

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14
Q

What are S and Sx of hypernatremia?

A 
THIRST
CNS deterioration- osmoreceptors in brain not triggering thirst but body is dehydrated but doesn't drink h20
Increased interstitial fluid
TIERD/LETHARGIC
AGITATION
SEIZURES
COMA
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15
Q

What are two things that may be going on with hypernatremia?

A
  1. H20 loss- increased amounts of H20 loss therefore blood vol. becomes concentrated with Na+
  2. Sodium gain- Dietary meds cont. Na+ and kidney disfunction t/4 Na+ builds up in blood and cells crenate becoming dehydrated because h20 goes into the hypertonic blood.
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16
Q

What functions is Na+ associated with?

A
  1. ECF vol. and concentration
  2. Generation & transmission of nerve impulses
  3. Acid base balance
    * Na+ is associated with h20, K+, and shifts
17
Q

What are S and Sx of Hyponatremia?

A 
CONFUSION
N & V
SEIZURES
COMA
CNS DETERIOATION
18
Q

What causes hyponatremia and how do we replace the Na+ levels in the blood?

A

Increased loss of Na+ via output or drinking excess H20.

If severe, SEIZURES can occur therefor small amount of IV hypertonic saline sol. 3% NaCl is given.

19
Q

What functions is K+ associated with?

A 
CV CHANGES AND THE HEART
transmission and conduction of nerve impulses
maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms 
skeletal muscle contraction
acid base balance
20
Q

What food sources are rich in K+?

A

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
K-dur meds
stored blood products- blood transfusions

21
Q

If K+ serum level is above 5.0 mEq/L pt is?

A 
HYPERKALEMIA- elevated T-wave in EKG..ventricles repolarizing (T wave small to big)
TIERD/LETHARGIC
CV ABNORMALITIES
DYSRHYTHMIA 
VEN FIB
HB
22
Q

What causes hyperkalemia?

A

Increased retention due to RENAL FAILURE or K+ sparing diuretics
Increased intake of K+
Mobilization from ICF- tissue destruction= all K+ leak into CV system

23
Q

Nursing implementations for hyperkalemic pt?

A
  1. Eliminate oral and parental K+ intake

2. Increase elimination of K+ by loop diuretics, dialysis, etc

24
Q

If K+ serum level is less than 3.5 mEq/L pt is?

A 
HYPOKALEMIA- t wave big to small
BRADYCHARDIA
ECG CHANGES
CNS CHANGES
ANOREXIA
N&V
WEAK PERIPHERAL PULSES
MUSCLE WEAKNESS
25
Q

What cause hypokalemia?

A

Increased loss of K+ by loop diuretics

GI looses K+ in fluids, associated with Mg deficiency, movement into cells

26
Q

What is the most common cause of hypokalemia?

A

LASIX- because it is a loop diuretic that is commonly used. Excretes K+ by eliminating K+ t/4 teach pt to eat K+ RICH FOODS OR SUPS (raisins, bananas, oranges, beans, carrots, APRICOTS, DRY FRUITS that cont high levels of K+)

27
Q

Can you administer K+ by itself in IV and why?

A

NEVER administer K+ by itself in Iv, needs to be DILUTE b/c may burn/hurt and CARDIAC ARREST risk.
In oral sups- dilute in juice and give with meal to avoid gastric irritation

28
Q

What pt is at risk for being hypokalemic?

A

Pt on DIGOXIN because of shift with K+ (Lasix)

29
Q

What are S and Sx of hypercalcemia? COW AIN’T FLEXIN!

A 
Lack of coordination
Anorexia
N&V
Confusion, low LOC
personality changes
dysrhythmia, hb, ca
pt looks weak& FLACID, NO MUSCLE TONE
30
Q

What causes hypercalemia, >5.5?

A

Hyperthyroidism b/c parathyroid regulates Ca+ vol
malignancy
vit d overdose
prolonged immobilization

31
Q

A pt with low Ca+ serum levels could indicate? COW IS CRACKED OUT!

A 
HYPOCALEMIA
TETANY: TROUSSEAU'S & CHVOSTEK'S
CONFUSION
SEIZURE
IRRITABILITY
32
Q

What causes hypocalemia?

A

Not enough Ca+ from diet. Regulated by the PTH hormone and Vit D. favilitates reaborption of Ca+ from bone and engances reabsorption from GI tract

33
Q

How to indicate Trousseau’s sign in hypocalemic pt?

A

Inflate BP cuff on upper arm to 20mmHg above sys pressure, MUSCLE, CARPAL SPASMS within 2-5 minutes indicate TETANY.

34
Q

How to indicate Chvostek’s sign in hypocalemic pt?

A

Tap facial nerve 2 cm ant. to the earlobe just below zygomatic arch, TWITCHING OF FACIAL MUSCLES indicates TETANY

35
Q

Hypermagnesemia, >2.5 mEq/L

A

Potent Vasodilator
Causes: Renal failure, excessive Mg administration via antacids, cathartics
S and Sx: depresses CNS and cardiac impulse transmission
CA, facial flushing, SHALLOW RESP, muscle weakness, DEEP TENDON REFLEXES ABSENT, PARALYSIS

36
Q

Hypomagnesemia, <1.5 mEq/L

A

Causes: Alcoholism, GI suction, diarrhea, intestinal fistulas, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, malabsorption
S and Sx: Increased NM irritability, tremors, tetany, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, seizures, dysrhythmia, disorientation, confusion

Nursing 1610 (11 decks)

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