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BIO 1B > Exam 4 - Nervous system > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Nervous system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What distinguishes the nervous systems of different animal groups?

A

How the neurons are organized into circuits

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2
Q

Nervous systems process info in 3 stages. what are they?

A
  1. Sensory input
  2. Integration (analyze and interpret)
  3. Motor Output
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3
Q

Role of the central nervous system?

A

It analyzes and interprets all information.

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4
Q

Where does integration occur?

A

it occurs in the brain or the ganglia

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5
Q

Roles of the peripheral nervous system?

A

it CARRIES information into and out of the central nervous system.

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6
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory neuron
  2. Interneurons
  3. Motor Neurons
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7
Q

What is the function of sensory neurons?

A
  1. They pick up temperature, taste, smell, any info seen with the eye
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8
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A
  1. They pick up info from the sensory neurons and pass it to other neurons
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9
Q

What is the function of motor neurons?

A

They transmit signals to muscle cells, causing them to contract or move

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10
Q

What are the components of a neuron structure?

A
  1. cell body
  2. dendrites
  3. axon ( may contain myelin sheaths
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11
Q

What are the functions of dendrites?

A
  1. Together with the cell body, the dendrites RECEIVE signals from other neurons.
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12
Q

What are the functions of the axon?

A
  1. It is an extension that TRANSMITS signals to other cells
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13
Q

what are synaptic terminals and what do they do?

A
  1. They are ends of axons.

2. They are junctions that connect to other neurons.

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14
Q

What is a synapse?

A

each branched end of an axon transmits info to another cell at a junction. This junction is a synapse

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15
Q

True or False : Shapes of neurons reflect their input and output interactions

A

True

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16
Q

What are Glia Cells?

A

They are supporting cells

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17
Q

Function of glia cells?

A

They

  1. nourish neurons
  2. Insulate the axons of neurons
  3. regulate extracellular fluid surrounding neuron
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18
Q

What are 3 examples of glia cells?

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. microglia
  3. oligodendrocytes
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19
Q

Where are astrocytes found and what is its function?

A
  1. they are found connected to blood vessels

2. provide structural support for neurons and regulate extracellular concentration of ions and neurotransmitters

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20
Q

Where are microglia found and what are its functions?

A
  1. found in CNS

2. they eat microbes and defend the body. They are phagocytic

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21
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes found and what are its functions?

A
  1. Found in the CNS

2. they form myelin sheaths

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22
Q

Difference between oligodendrocytes and schwann cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes: Found in CNS

Schwann cells: Found in PNS

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23
Q

similarities between oligodendrocytes and schwann cells?

A

They are glia that form the myelin sheath around the axons of neurons

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24
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

attraction of opposite charges across the plasma membrane is a source of potential energy, this charge difference is the membrane potential
Outside is more positvely charged than inside the cell

25
Q

What is a resting potential?

A

the membrane potential of a resting neuron.

It is the potential of a neuron that is not sending any signal

26
Q

What is the volts of a neuron at resting potential?

A

-70 mV

27
Q

Concentration of K+ is highest where?

A

inside the cell

28
Q

Concentration of Na+ is highest where?

A

Outside the cell

29
Q

What is depolarization?

A

A reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential.

30
Q

Explain the process of depolarization?

A

A stimulus will cause the gated Na+ channels in a resting neuron to open
This will cause the membranes permeability to Na+ to increase.
Na+ will diffuse into the cell causing depolarization.

31
Q

What is action potential?

A

If a depolarization shifts the membrane potential sufficiently, the result is a massive change in membrane voltage. This is the action potential
2. it is the all-or-none depolarization of a neurons plasma membrane

32
Q

Significance of action potential?

A
  1. They can spread along the axons, making them well suited for transmitting a signal over long distances.
33
Q

How can action potential travel long distances?

A

they regenerate themselves along the axon

34
Q

What is a refractory period and what is it due to?

A

Its a period that follows an action potential right after it happens.
Its a period in which a second action potential cannot be initiated.
2. its due to the inactivation of sodium channels.

35
Q

How can nervous system distinguish stimulus intensities?

A
  1. By how often does the neuron fire ( go through action potential)
  2. the number of sensory neurons activated
36
Q

What is the conduction speed (speed of action potential) related to?

A
  1. The diameter of an axon and if the axons are myelinated.
37
Q

The larger the diameter of an axon

A

The greater the speed of the action potential

38
Q

How does action potential travel through myelinated sheaths?

A

Action potential are not generated in the regions between the nodes of ranvier. Therefore, the action potentialo jumps between the nodes of ranvier in a process called saltatory conduction.

39
Q

How does info pass from one neuron to another?

A
  1. By electrical synapse and

2. chemical synapse

40
Q

What are electrical synapses?

A

Electrical current flows directly from one cell to another via a gap junction. If one neuron goes through action potential, the neuron connected to it will also undergo action potential as well

41
Q

What are chemical synapses?

A

the release of a chemical neurotransmitter by the presynaptic neuron. The presynaptic neuron synthesizes neurotransmitters and packages it in synaptic vessicles. The arrival of an action potential at the synpatic terminal depolarizes the plasma membrane, opening a voltage-gated channel to allow Ca2+ to difuse into the presynaptic neuron. The rise in Ca2+ concentration in the terminal causes some of the synaptic vessicles to fuse with the terminal membrane, to release the neurotransmitter.The neurotransmitter will diffuse across the synpatic cleft, and it will bind to a specific receptor in the membrane.

42
Q

What is a ligand-gated ion channel?

A

its the receptor protein that binds and responds to neurotransmitters.

43
Q

Some neurotransmitters are excitatory or inhibitory. How?

A

It depends where it is produced and what receptor it binds to

44
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

a neurotransmitter for muscle stimulation, memory formation and learning

45
Q

What happens at the excitatory postsynaptic potential?

A

When the ligand-gated ion channel is permeable to both K+ and Na+. The membrane potential depolarizes towards avalue between Ek and ENa. this will bring the membrane potential towards the threshold

46
Q

What happens at the inhibitory post synaptic potential?

A

When the ligand-gated ion channel is selectively permeable for only K+ and Cl-. the postsynaptic membrane hyperpolarizes. This will bring the membrane potential away from the threshold

47
Q

What does the nervous system compose of?

A

The peripheral nervous system and

The central nervous system

48
Q

The peripheral nervous system can be divided into..

A
  1. Somatic nervous system

2. Autonomic nervous system

49
Q

What is can the autonomic nervous system be divided into?

A
  1. Sympathetic

2. parasympathetic

50
Q

Significance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic ?

A

They both work against each other to create homeostasis.

51
Q

Components of Hindbrain?

A
  1. medulla oblongata and ponds

2. Cerebellum

52
Q

What is function of medulla oblongata?

A
  1. conduct info from spinal cord to forebrain

2. control breathing, heart rate, digestion

53
Q

What is function of cerebellum?

A
  1. coordinates body movements.
54
Q

Function of midbrain?

A

relays sensory info to the CNS

55
Q

Components of the forebrain?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. cerebrum ( left and right )
56
Q

Function of thalamus?

A
  1. sorts data into categories
57
Q

Function of hypothalamus?

A
  1. Regulate homeostasis

2. Secretion of hormones, temperature, blood pressure, thirst, sex, flight or fight response

58
Q

Function of cerebrum?

A

Higher mental activity ( thinking )

59
Q

What will happen if theres a damage to teh corpus callosum?

A

it will cause a malfunction of perception.
information processed in one hemisphere of the brain will be unable to travel to the other hemisphere. This will make it difficult for the two hemispheres to coordinate their function and respond as one unit.

BIO 1B (7 decks)

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