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Psychology of Human Development > Exam 4 Material > Flashcards

Exam 4 Material Flashcards

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1
Q

Single Adults-Advantages

A

-time to make life decisions and develop resources
-autonomy-pursue own schedule and interests
-opportunities and privacy

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2
Q

Single Adults-Challenges

A

-forming intimate relationships with other adults
-confronting loneliness
-finding a niche-marriage oriented society

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3
Q

Generational Shift

A

-more men interested in marriage and family
-more women interested in independence

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4
Q

Many single adults are looking for love, not marriage. (T/F)

A

true

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5
Q

Cohabitation

A

living together in a sexual relationship without being married
-some see it as a precursor for marriage, others as an ongoing lifestyle
-males concerned with loss of freedom; women concerned about delays in getting married

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6
Q

Why would older adults cohabitate?

A

for companionship and/or to keep assets separate
-more positive/stable relationships than younger adults who cohabitate
-less likely to receive partner care than married older adults

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7
Q

Reasons for Cohabitation

A

-spend time together
-share expenses
-evaluate compatibility

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8
Q

Difficulties in Cohabitation

A

-disapproval
-difficulty purchasing property jointly
-difficulty during dissolution-legal rights?

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9
Q

Transition from Dating to Cohabitation

A

-more commitment
-less satisfaction
-more negative communication
-more physical aggression

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10
Q

What has made relationships more fragile and intense?

A

changing norm of male-female equality in marriage and high expectations for marriages have produced relationships that are more fragile and intense

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11
Q

In seeking a spouse, never-married Americans look for:

A

-similar ideas about having and raising children
-steady job
-at least as much education
-same racial or ethnic background

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12
Q

The Good Marriage

A

-individuals who are happily married live longer, healthier lives
-unhappy marriage can shorten a person’s life by an average of 4 years
-married individuals have the best cardiovascular profile; single men have the worst
-married men consistently report being “happier” than married women

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13
Q

Predictors of Success in Marriage

A

-establishing love maps
-nurturing fondness and admiration
-turning toward each other instead of away
-letting your partner influence you
-overcoming gridlock
-creating shared meaning

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14
Q

Marriages that work depend on developing a ________, ___________, and ____________

A

deep friendship, showing respect for each other, and embracing commitment

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15
Q

Premarital Education

A

linked to marital satisfaction and commitment, lower conflict, and lower likelihood of divorce

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16
Q

Social Context

A

contexts w/in a culture and across cultures are powerful influences on marriage
-age of marriage and whether marriages are arranged
-whether domesticity or chastity in valued
-whether religion plays a role in marital preferences

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17
Q

Marriage through the Lifespan-Middle Adulthood

A

some that were difficult during early adulthood improved in middle adulthood
-partners develop solid foundations
-fewer financial worries
-less housework and chores-children self-sufficient
-more time to spend w/ each other
-mutual activities-positive

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18
Q

In ______, most married individuals report being _______ w/ being married.

A

midlife; satisfied

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19
Q

Marriage through the Lifespan-Late Adulthood

A

-in late adulthood, married individuals are happier, less distressed, and live longer
-older adults are more satisfied w/ their marriages than young or middle-aged adults
-in late adulthood, married individuals are more likely to have to care for a sick partner w/ a limiting health condition
*stress of caring for a spouse can place demands in intimacy

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20
Q

Factors that Contribute to Divorce

A

-youthful marriages, low education levels, low income, no religious affiliation, parents who are divorced, and having a baby before marriage
-alcoholism, psychological problems, domestic violence, infidelity, and inadequate divisions of household labor
-low levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness
-high levels of neuroticism and openness to experience`

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21
Q

Adjustment Problems from Divorce

A

loneliness, diminished self-esteem, anxiety about the unknown, and difficulty forming new intimate relationships
-risk for psychological and physical difficulties
-one of more common characteristics of divorced adults is difficulty trusting someone else in a romantic relationship

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22
Q

________ are more likely to seek a divorce.

A

Women
-sense something is wrong w/ marriage
-show better emotional adjustment than men
-divorce is seen as offering a “second chance”
-typically experience more negative economic impact from divorce than men

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23
Q

_________, ___________, ____________ have led to an increase in remarriage among older adults.

A

rising divorce rates, increased longevity, and better health

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24
Q

Main Reasons Women Give for Divorce

A

-verbal, physical, or emotional abuse
-alcohol or drug abuse
-cheating

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25
Q

Main Reasons Men Give for Divorce

A

-no obvious problem, just fell out of love
-cheating
-different values or lifestyles

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26
Q

Alternative Lifestyles-Gay and Lesbian Couples

A

-in many ways, gay and lesbian relationships are similar to heterosexual relationships
*need to find balance of romantic love, affection, autonomy, equality for both partners
*many create families with children
-lesbian couples especially place a high priority on equality in their relationships
*both gay and lesbian couples more flexible in their gender roles
*partners show greater relationship quality than heterosexual couples, share more responsibilities

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27
Q

Misconceptions about Gay and Lesbian Couples

A

-in only a small percentage, one partner is masculine and the other feminine
-only a small segment of the population has a large number of sexual parents
-do prefer long-term and committed relationships, although about half of gay couples (not lesbian) have open relationships

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28
Q

Microsystem

A

setting in which the individual lives
-family, school, peers

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29
Q

Mesosystem

A

links between the microsystem

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30
Q

Exosystem

A

influences from another setting that the individual does not experience directly
-friends of family, neighbors

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31
Q

Macrosystem

A

culture in which the individual lives

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32
Q

Chronosystem

A

sociohistorical circumstances that change over time, events and transitions over life course

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33
Q

Reciprocal Socialization

A

bidirectional socialization
-children socialize parents just as parents socialize children-transactional

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34
Q

Family can be thought of as….

A

a constellation of subsystems defined in terms of generation, gender, and role

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35
Q

Dyadic Subsystem

A

involving 2 people

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36
Q

Polyadic Subsystem

A

involving more than 2 people

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37
Q

Advantages of Having Kids Early (20s)

A

-more physical energy
-fewer medical problems
-fewer expectations for children

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38
Q

Advantages of Having Kids Later (30s)

A

-more time to consider goals in life
-more mature, competent parents-more life experiences
-established careers
-higher income

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39
Q

Parents as Managers-Infancy and Childhood

A

during infancy parents manage and guide behavior
-includes corrective feedback and discipline
parents can serve as regulators of opportunities for the children’s activities
-mothers are more likely than fathers
-family-management practices related to students’ grades and self-responsibility

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40
Q

Parents as Managers-Adolescence

A

monitoring especially important as children move into adolescent years
-choice of social settings, activities, friends, academic effort
adolescents manage parent’s access to information, disclosing or concealing details of their activities
-adolescents more likely to disclose information when parents engage in positive parenting practices

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41
Q

Authoritarian Parenting Style

A

-demands blind obedience
-punitive, emotionally cold
-high expectations
-low responsiveness and high demandingness
-best for males

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42
Q

Authoritative Parenting Style

A

-clear, consistent boundaries
-open communication
-nurturing and affectionate
-high expectations
-high demandingness and high responsiveness
-best style

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43
Q

Uninvolved Parenting Style

A

-inconsistent or low expectations
-absent-little interaction
-uninterested and emotional detached
-low responsiveness and low demandingness
-worst style

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44
Q

Permissive Parenting Style

A

-low expectations, lenient
-few boundaries
-acts like child’s best friend
-avoids confrontations
-low demandingness and high responsiveness

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45
Q

Authoritative parenting is linked w/ _____________ across a range of ethnic groups, social strata, cultures, and family structures

A

child competence
-however, research w/ ethnic groups suggests that some aspects of the authoritarian style can also be associated with positive child outcomes

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46
Q

Caveat

A

2 parents may have different styles and many parents use a combination of styles

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47
Q

Coparenting

A

support that parents provide one another in jointly raising the child
-children are placed at risk for some problems like
*poor coordination between parents
*undermining of the other parent
*lack of cooperation and warmth
*disconnection by one parent

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48
Q

Consequences of Child Maltreatment

A

-poor emotional regulation
-attachment and peer relation problems
-difficulty adapting to school
-psychological problems

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49
Q

Parent-Adolescent Conflict

A

escalates during early adolescence
-conflict usually involves issues of everyday life, rarely involved major dilemmas like drugs or delinquency
-conflicts become less frequent in late adolescence

factors that contribute to rise in conflict
-biological changes of puberty
-cognitive changes-increased idealism and logical reasoning
-social changes focused on independence and identity
-maturational changes in parents
-expectations violated by parent and adolescents

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50
Q

Children from Divorced Families

A

-poorer adjustment-academic, relationship, and esteem issues
-majority do not have serious problem
-problems may stem as much from marital conflict as from divorce

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51
Q

Emotional Security Theory

A

children appraise marital conflict-sense of security and safety`

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52
Q

Empty Nest Syndrome

A

when all the children have left the parental home
-for most, increasing marital satisfaction, as the couple has more time to pursue careers, other interests, and more time for each other

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53
Q

Midlife Generation

A

middle-aged adults- the “sandwich” “squeezed” or “overload” generation
-responsibilities both to adolescent and young adult children and to aging parents
-many experience considerable stress when elderly parents become ill and die

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54
Q

Peer

A

individuals of about the same age of maturity level
-source of information and comparison beyond family
-provide feedback about one’s abilities
-

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55
Q

Peers can _____ parent’s value and control

A

undermine

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56
Q

Autonomy from peers predicts success in ___________ but difficulty __________

A

avoiding problem behaviors; establishing strong friendships

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57
Q

Friendship

A

can provide companionship, stimulation, ego support, social comparison, affection, and intimacy

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58
Q

Play

A

a pleasurable activity engaged in for its own sake

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59
Q

Toddlerhood-Peers and Play

A

around 3 yrs, same-sex playmates preferred
-continues to increase as children age
-frequency of both positive and negative peer interactions increase

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60
Q

Early Childhood-Peers and Play

A

-reciprocity become important in early elementary
-distinguish between friends and nonfriends

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61
Q

Play Developmentally Important

A

-advances in cognitive development
-symbolic and make-believe aspects of play
-satisfies exploratory drive
-supports language and communication skills`

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62
Q

Middle and Late Childhood-Peers and Play

A

-amount of time w/ peers increases
-size of peer groups increase
-less parental supervision

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63
Q

Social Cognition

A

thoughts about social matters-become increasingly important for understanding peer relations
-social knowledge is important for getting along w/ peers
-emotions play a strong role in determining whether peer relations are successful

64
Q

Friendship in Childhood

A

-children’s friendships are characterized by similarity
-age, sex, ethnicity, and many other factors
-often similar attitudes toward school, similar educational aspirations, and closely aligned achievement orientations
-developmental advantages-when friends are socially skilled, supportive, academically oriented
-coercive, conflict-ridden, poor quality friendships-not advantageous

65
Q

Popular

A

frequently nominated as best friend, rarely disliked by peers
-have social skills that contribute to being well-liked
-reinforcing, listeners, maintain open lines of communication, happy, control negative emotions, sho enthusiasm and concern for others, self-confident without being conceited

66
Q

Average

A

average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers

67
Q

Neglected

A

infrequently nominated as best friend, not disliked by peers
-low rates of interactions with peers, described as shy

68
Q

Rejected

A

infrequently nominated as best friend; actively disliked by peers
-serious adjustment, depression, conduct problems and antisocial behaviors, aggressive role-breakers

69
Q

Controversial

A

frequently nominated both as best friend and being disliked`

70
Q

Bullying-Boys

A

overt, physical aggression
-more likely to be bullies than girls

71
Q

Bullying-Girls

A

covert, relational aggression

72
Q

Cyberbullying

A

increasing linked to stress and suicide

73
Q

Adolescence-Peers and Play

A

peers play powerful roles in the lives of adolescents
-girls show stronger peer attachment
-more likely to be members of formal and heterogenous groups
-groups include both boys and girls and non-friends/neighborhood acquaintances
-standards of peer groups and influence of cliques and crowds increasingly important

74
Q

Cliques

A

small groups (5-6) usually same-sex and age, often engage in similar activities

75
Q

Crowds

A

larger groups, defined by activities, often become members based on reputation

76
Q

Intimacy in Friendship

A

characterized by self-disclosure and sharing of private thoughts may appear

77
Q

Friendship During Adolescence

A

teenagers-smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate, friends become especially important in meeting social needs in adolescence
-disclosing personal information to friends
-depending more on friends than parents to satisfy social needs

78
Q

Girls friendships:__________, boys friendships ____________

A

intimacy; power and excitement

79
Q

Leisure

A

pleasant times; free to pursue activities and interests of own choosing

80
Q

Largest amounts of US adolescent free time is-_________________________

A

-screen-based activities
-hanging out
-pursuing unstructured leisure activities w/ friends

81
Q

Friendships during Emerging Adulthood

A

-close relationships more integrated and similar in emerging adulthood than in adolescents
-number of friendship declines
-best friendships may decline in satisfaction and commitment in the first year of college
-maintaining communication w/ high school friends and keeping the same best friends lessens the decline

82
Q

Friendships During Adulthood

A

-women more friends than men and friendships are more intimate
-females talk, while males are more likely to engage in activities with friends
-cross-gender friendships more common among adults, not as common as same-gender
-as they grow older, people choose close friends over new friends-content w/ few

83
Q

Play and Leisure in Adulthood

A

midlife changes may produce expanded opportunities for leisure
-for some, more money, free time, and paid vacations
-opportunities to diversify interests
-those who vacation and make time for leisure experience numerous cognitive and health benefits
-adults at midlife must prepare psychologically for retirement
-participating in constructive and fulfilling leisure activities is an important part of this preparation

84
Q

Constructivist Approach

A

-learner centered
-emphasizes individual’s active construction of knowledge and understanding
-teacher provides support
-emphasis on collaboration

85
Q

Direct Instruction Approach

A

-teacher instruction and control, teacher expectations for the student performance
-maximize time on academic tasks
-efforts to keep negatives to a minimum
-goal-maximize learning time
-critics believe students become passive learners, doesn’t push them to think in critical and creative ways

86
Q

No Child Left Behind-For

A

-improved student performance
-more time teaching the subjects tested
-high expectations for all students
-identification of poorly performing schools, teachers, and administrators
-improved confidence in public schools as test scores rise

87
Q

No Child Left Behind-Against

A

-too narrow of a measure of student progress and competence
-teachers “teach to the test”-students memorize rather than think critically
-overlooks the needs of gifted students
-2009 common core standards initiative-implement more rigorous guidelines
-2015 every student succeeds (ESSA)-work in progress

88
Q

Child-Centered Kindergarten

A

emphasizes the education of the whole child

89
Q

Montessori Approach

A

a philosophy in which children are given freedom in choosing activities

90
Q

Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)

A

focuses on the typical developmental patterns of children and the uniqueness of each child

91
Q

Many high-quality early childhood education programs encompass _________ and __________ approaches.

A

academic and constructivist

92
Q

Project Head Start

A

currently the largest federally funded program for US children
-opportunities for children from low-income families
-early head start serves children form birth to 3 years
-positive effects have been seen in the head start programs
-quality of education varies across programs
-academic efforts dissipate after the support is ended; however, attitudes towards schooling remain high for those who have in the program
-academic effects sustained if the program is sustained

93
Q

Top-Dog Phenomenon

A

move from the biggest, boldest, most powerful students in elementary school to the youngest, smallest, least powerful

94
Q

Carnegie Foundation

A

-middle schools are massive and impersonal, using irrelevant curricula and lacking access to healthcare and counseling
-recommend a complete overhaul to smaller “communities” w/ lower student-to-counselor ratios, new curricula, and more in-school physical education

95
Q

High School-Criticisms

A

-US high schools foster passivity
-many graduate w/ inadequate reading, writing, and math skills and enter college in need of remediation classes
-dropouts don’t have the skills needed to obtain decent jobs or be informed citizens
-transition is often difficult; and for many, high schools more about navigating social world than getting an education

96
Q

High School-Positives

A

-extracurricular activities-higher grades, more school engagement, less likely to dropout, more likely to go to college, higher self-esteem, lower rates of depression, delinquency, and substance abuse
-dropouts have declined-males more likely than females, asian americans least likely, higher in inner cities (low SES)

97
Q

College

A

-today’s college students experience more stress and are more depressed
-pressure to succeed, work, make lots of money
-very happy college students are highly social, extroverted, and have stronger romantic and social relationships

98
Q

Adult Education

A

-refers to all forms of schooling/learning adults participate
-large number of adults pursue education/advanced degrees on a PT basis

99
Q

Learning Disability

A

a difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language
-not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; intellectual disability; emotional disorders; or environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage

100
Q

Dyslexia

A

severe impairment in the ability to read and spell

101
Q

Dysgraphia

A

involves difficulty in handwriting

102
Q

Dyscalculia

A

difficulty in math computation
-aka developmental arithmetic disorder

103
Q

ADHD

A

consistently show one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

104
Q

Autistic Disorder

A

severe ASD-deficiencies in social relationships; abnormalities in communication; restricted, repetitive, stereotypes patterns of behavior

105
Q

Asperger Syndrome

A

mild ASD-relatively good verbal language skills, milder nonverbal language problems, restricted range of interests and relationships

106
Q

People with ASDs benefit from a __________, ____________, and ___________.

A

well-structured classroom, individualized instructions, and small-group instruction

107
Q

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA)

A

spells out mandates for children with disabilities

108
Q

Individualized Education Plan

A

a written statement of a program specifically tailored for students with disabilities

109
Q

Least Restrictive Environment

A

a setting that is similar as possible to one in which children without a disability are educated

110
Q

Inclusion

A

educating a child with special educational needs full-time in the regular classroom

111
Q

Student’s __________ motivation increases when they have opportunities to make choices and take responsibility for learning

A

intrinsic
-autonomy-support parents and teachers

112
Q

In elementary school through high school, intrinsic motivation _________.

A

declines
-6-7th: extrinsic increases-comparison
-both extrinsic and intrinsic are important

113
Q

Mastery Motivation

A

-mastery orientation-task-oriented, concerned w/ learning strategies and process of achievement rather than ability or outcome
-mastery oriented individuals often instruct themselves to pay attention, think carefully, and remember strategies
-feel challenged and excited by difficult tasks`

114
Q

Performance Orientation

A

-focused on winning
-happiness results from winning

115
Q

Mastery and Performance goals are not ____________

A

mutually exclusive
-can be both mastery and performance oriented
-combo often benefits student’s success

116
Q

Helpless Orientation

A

trapped by the experience of difficulty; attribute difficulty to lack of ability

117
Q

Mindset

A

cognitive view that individuals develop for themselves

118
Q

Fixed Mindset

A

born w/ qualities-cannot change

119
Q

Growth Mindset

A

qualities can change and improve with effort

120
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

belief one can master a situation, produce + outcomes

121
Q

Goal Setting, Planning, and Self-Monitoring

A

-best when goals are specific, proximal (short-term), and challenging
-delaying gratification is important

122
Q

Grit

A

quality that invokes passion and persistence to achieve long-term goals
-linked to academic engagement and success
-life purpose commitment, mindfulness, and goal commitment-antecedents of grit

123
Q

Career Mystique

A

ingrained cultural beliefs that engaging in hard work for long hours through adulthood will automatically lead to status, security, and happiness

124
Q

Work-Adolescence

A

-80-90% of teens employed at some point-PT while attending school
-more than 20 hrs. negative
-benefits to low SES youth
*provides economic benefits
*provides adult monitoring
*may increase school engagement and decrease delinquency

125
Q

Work-Emerging Adulthood

A

-along wit the increasing number of adults in higher education, many leave home and enter careers at later ages
-changing economic conditions have made the job market more competitive
-increased demands for highly skilled workers
-adults who don’t go to college may experience a lowered ability to get a good job

126
Q

Work-Early Adulthood

A

-1/3 of life at work
-defines individuals in many ways
-US disappearing long-term career
-dual-career couples more common (difficulty balancing work and family)
-gender inequality continues to exist
-stressors of works and job loss

127
Q

Work-Middle Adulthood

A

-work becomes central
*peak earning and position-good timing for financial responsibilities
-discrimination finding work
*technological advances
*sometime pre-mature retirement

128
Q

Work-Late Adulthood

A

-percentage of older US adults still working or returning to work has been increasing
-working full-time longer to secure enough money to meet living expenses in old age
-cognitive ability is one of the best predictors of job performance for older adults
*fewer absences, fewer accidents, and increased job satisfaction compared to younger adults
-older adults who work often have better physical profiles than those who retire
-some continue to work for financial reasons, some to stay busy, some to “give back”

129
Q

Retirement

A

older adults who best adjust to retirement
-healthy and active
-have adequate incomes
-better educated
-extended social network of friends and families
-satisfied with life before retirement
-planning and successfully carrying out the plan is important to adjustment
-special concern is that women are likely to live longer and more likely to live alone

130
Q

The Death System

A

every culture has one and they vary across cultures
-people
-places and contexts
-times
-objects
-symbols

131
Q

People

A

everyone is involved with death at some point, both their own death and the deaths of others

132
Q

Places and Contexts

A

includes hospitals, funeral homes, cemeteries, hospices, battlefields, and memorials

133
Q

Times

A

times and occasions, such as memorial day, which are set aside to honor those who have died

134
Q

Objects

A

many objects in a culture are associated with death, including caskets and various colored objects such as clothes, armbands, and hearses

135
Q

Symbols

A

skulls and crossbones, as well as rites in the catholic religion and various religious ceremonies, are connected to death

136
Q

Advance Directive

A

includes a living will, states such preferences as whether life-sustained procedures should or should not be used to prolong the life of an individual when death is imminent

137
Q

Euthanasia

A

“easy death”-the act of painlessly ending the lives of individuals who are suffering from an incurable disease or severe disability
-sometimes called “mercy killing”

138
Q

Passive Euthanasia

A

occurs when a person is allowed to die by withholding available treatment, such as withdrawing a life-saving device

139
Q

Active Euthanasia

A

occurs when death is deliberately induced, as when a physician or a third party ends the patient’s life by administering a lethal dose of a drug,
-ex. assisted suicide

140
Q

Hospice

A

a program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible

141
Q

A Developmental Perspective-Infancy

A

Sudden infant death syndrome

142
Q

A Developmental Perspective-Childhood

A

accidents or illnesses

143
Q

A Developmental Perspective-Adolescence

A

motor vehicle accidents, suicide, and homicide

144
Q

A Developmental Perspective-Young and Middle-Aged Adults

A

accidents

145
Q

A Developmental Perspective-Late Adulthood

A

chronic illnesses

146
Q

Attitudes Toward Death-Children

A

figuring out what death is, how permanent, what it means

147
Q

Attitudes Toward Death- 2-3 Years of Age

A

don’t understand that death is the end, view death as temporary or reversible/not permanent

148
Q

Attitudes Toward Death-4-5 Years of Age

A

death is final, involves mental/physical decline

149
Q

Attitudes Toward Death-Middle to Late Childhood

A

realistic, accurate perception of death, understand its irreversible and permanent, end of mental and physical function

150
Q

Attitudes Toward Death-Middle-Aged Adults Compared to Younger and Older Adults

A

death is final, irreversible, the end of life, all living things die
-fear death more, fear the in-between than younger adults and older adults
-compared to young adults (young no health issues and should be fine) and older adults (near the end, it will happen)

151
Q

Kubler Ross-Stages of Dying

A

-denial
-anger
-bargaining
-depression
-acceptance

152
Q

Denial

A

denies that death is really going to take place

153
Q

Anger

A

recognizes that denial can no longer be maintained, gives way to anger, resentment, rage, and envy

154
Q

Bargaining

A

develops the hope that death can somehow be postponed or delayed

155
Q

Depression

A

perceives the certainty of his/her death
-silent, refuse visitors, and spend much time crying

156
Q

Acceptance

A

person develops a sense of peace, an acceptance of one’s fate, and in many cases, a desire to be left alone
-feelings and physical pain may be virtually absent

Psychology of Human Development (4 decks)

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