Exam 1 Material Flashcards
Development
pattern of movement or change from conception to death
-although upper boundary is 122 yrs, not changed, average life expectancy has changed!
-in the uterus, sets a lot of foundations for development
In 2019, for the first time in US history, there were more individuals _____ than ______.
over 60; under 18
Hawaii vs. Mississippi Life Expectancy
-80.9 yrs in Hawaii
-74.4 yrs in Mississippi
Life Expectancy Difference Between Male and Female
-Utah=3.5 yrs
-Mississippi=6.4 yrs
Development is…
-lifelong
-multidimensional-biological, cognitive, socioemotional
-multidirectional-depending on the period, some components or dimensions may expand or shrink
-plastic-capacity to change, flexibility (greatly associated w/ neural development)
-multidisciplinary
-contextual-contexts affects development
*normative age-graded
*normative history-graded
*non-normative life events
-involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
-co-constructed of biology, culture, and the individual
Typically, _____ live longer than _____. This is linked to _______ levels.
females; males; estrogen
Normative Age-Graded
normal physiological change at that age
-ex. puberty
Normative History-Graded
development based off history or time, cohort effect
-ex. phone use of a 60 yr old vs 10 yr old
Non-Normative Life Events
things that can affect development that are not normal
-ex. traumatic events
Growth, Maintenance, and Loss
Growth-early years
Maintenance-middle ages
Loss-elderly
Contemporary Concerns
-health and well-being
-parenting and education
-socio-cultural contexts and diversity
-social policy-take what’s learned and make changes
-technology
Major Areas of Development
-biological
-cognitive
-socioemotional
-neuroscience
-inextricably interwined-often influence are bidirectional
Periods of Development
-prenatal period (conception to birth)
-infancy (birth to 18-24 months)
-early childhood (3-5 yrs)
-middle/late childhood (6-10/11 yrs.)
-adolescence (10-12 to 18-21 yrs)
-early adulthood (20s-30s)
-middle adulthood (40s-50s)
-late adulthood (60-70s to death)
Emerging Adulthood
-18-25 yrs
-identity exploration, instability, self-focused, autonomous, few responsibilities, feeling “in-between”-age of possibilities
Increased Middle Age
-beginning earlier and lasting longer
-44-64 yrs old reporting feeling younger than their age-old age not until 69?
Large Elderly Population
-with medical advances, increased life expectancy & decreased fertility-larger proportion of the population is older
Conceptualizing Age
-chronological age
-biological age-physicality
-psychological age-maturation
-social age-relationships
Patterns of Aging
-normal aging
-pathological aging
-successful aging
Pathological Aging
changes that occur because of age-related diseases
Successful Aging
high functioning at old age with no disease
Nature Vs Nurture
-nature: what we are born with-genes and genetic programs
-nurture: what we are surrounded by-environmental experiences
Stability Vs Change
-stability-what parts of our personalities stay the same
-change-parts of personality change
Continuity Vs Discontinuity
-continuity-things build on each other-gradual cumulative change
-discontinuity-stages are qualitively different-abrupt shifts
Psychoanalytic Theories
-freud-psychosexual stages (5)
-erikson-psychosocial stages (8)
Cognitive Theories
-piaget-4 stages of cognitive developement
-vgotsky-sociocultural theory
-information processing theories
Ethological Theories
-behavior strongly ties to biology, evolution, and timing
-lorenz-imprinting
-bowlby-attachment
Ecological Theory
-broffenbrenner
-development is a complex system of relationships affected by multiple views
-environment has a big influence on development
Behavioral and Social Theories
-skinner-operant conditioning
-bandura-social cognitive theory
_____ believed development ended at 12-13 yrs.
Freud
Imprinting
during critical period, animals follow and attach to the behaviors of the first parental figure they see
-ex. ducks
Data Collection Methods
-observation-watch
-survey/interview-ask
-standardized test-test
-case study-story of one
-physiological-biological markers
Research Designs
-descriptive-describe
-correlational-predict and show relations
-experimental-explain cause and effect
Developmental Design Issues
-time span
-cohort issues
Cross-Sectional Studies
compare different ages at the same time
Longitudinal Studies
same individuals studied over time
Cross-sectional can show how different ages respond but can confuse _______ and _______ (generational effects)
age and cohort effects
Longitudinal can study age changes but can only study _____.
one cohort
Ethics in Research
-rights of the participant
-responsibilities of the researcher
-permissions!
-IRB and APA guidelines
*informed consent
*confidentiality
*debriefing
*deception
*parent/guardian consent
Minimizing Bias
-gender bias
-cultural and ethnic bias
Genetics
genetic coding is stored on chromosomes found in the nucleus
Chromosomes
thread-like structures made up of DNA
-23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of most human cells=46
Cell division, with the exception of sex cells, occurs through ________.
mitosis
Sex Cells
-sperm, ovum
-gametes
-23 unpaired chromosomes
-cell division occurs through meiosis (from 1 to 4 cells)
Fertilization
-23 chromosomes from each parent
_____ pair of chromosomes determines biological sex
23rd
-XX=female
-XY=male
Genes
segments of the chromosome that code for specific protein productions
-humans have 21,306 genes
Genetic coding is also affected by ________ as well as _________.
other genes; outside environment
“on” and “off”-precursors
Cutting Edge Research
human genome project completed in 2003
Genome-Wide Association Method
DNA and disease
-used to study depression, autism, alzheimers
Linkage Analysis
identifies gene location in relation to a marker gene
-used in studying cancer, bipolar disorder, suicide, glaucoma
-observes which chromosome the gene is linked to and how it is affected
Next-Generation Sequencing
technology to sequence human genome
Thousand Genomes Project
collection of genomes from a diverse population
Susceptibility Genes and Longevity Genes
susceptibility genes examined in relation to COVID-19, arthritis, colorectal cancer, cardiovascular disease, and parkinsons disease
Genes are made up of __ alleles.
2 (one from mom one from dad)
Genotype
actual genetic material
3 Possible Combinations of Dominant (C) and Recessive (c) Alleles
-homozygous dominant (CC)
-heterozygous (Cc)
-homozygous recessive (cc)
Phenotype
outward expression of genotype
-for a single gene transmission these genotypes are associated with specific expression (more info on other cards)
Dominant Transmission
only need one dominant allele for expression
-ex. familial hypercholesterolemia
Recessive Transmission
need both alleles to be recessive for expression
-ex. cystic fibrosis
Heterozygous is considered a _______ but does not express.
carrier
Partial Expression
sometimes both allele express
-ex. sickle-cell anemia
Sex-Linked Transmission
-ex. color-blindness
Polygenetic Inheritance
many-most attributes are the result of multiple genes
-these often show up as being normally distributed in a population
-ex. height, weight, IQ
Gene-to-Gene Interaction
focus on the interdependence of 2 or more genes influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development
-recent research-immune system functioning, cancer, obesity
Genetic Mutations
permanently altered segments of DNA
-can be caused by chance, environment, or cellular machinery mistake (cell replication)
-ex. cancer
What can be caused by having the wrong amount of chromosomes?
down syndrome-trisomy 21
-sex-linked diseases
-XXY=klinefelters (male)
-XO-turners (female)
-XYY (male)
Is biology destiny?
No! consider PKU
PKU-Phenylketonuria
-inability to metabolize phenylalanine
-build up results in seizures, cognitive impairment, mental disorders, early mortality
-test early->change diet->normal develoment
Behavioral Genetics
field that examines influence of heredity and environment on individual differences
Twin Studies (Behavioral Genetics)
compare similarities fo identical twins w/ fraternal twins
-fraternal twins share about 25% of genes
Adoption Studies (Behavioral Genetics)
similarity of child w/ biological parents
-compare adoptive siblings and biological siblings
Concordance Rates
the % of cases where both in a pair has the attribute
Scarr’s Heredity-Environment Correlation
3 types of genotype-environmental correlation
-passive-parents determine environment, determine behavior (toddler)
-evocative-evokes responses of the environment, behavior determines outcome (child)
-active-pick environments ourselves that suit genetic predisposition (adult)
-genes affect environment
-differ depending on developmental period
Gottlieb Epigenetic View
gene X environment interactions (g X e interactions)
-short 5-HTTPR gene
-linked to serotonin, linked to depression only if they also lead stressful lives
*linked to higher cortisol reactivity
-linked to depression for those with heart disease, stroke, and parkinsons
-g x e interactions in infancy
*difficulties with methods, replication, inflating claims, etc.
-heredity and environment affect each other
Prenatal Development
-germinal period (conception to 2 weeks)
-embryonic period (implantation to 8 weeks)
-fetal period (8 weeks to birth)
Germinal Period
-zygote
-by 1 week differentiation has occurred
*blastocyst-inner mass of cells-will become embryo
*trophoblast-outer layer of cells-will later provide nutrition and support
Embryonic Period
-embryo
*endoderm-inner layer-will become digestive and respiratory systems
*mesoderm-middle layer-will become other system and bones and muscles
*ectoderm-outer layer-will become nervous system, sensory receptors, and skin parts
-organogenesis-organ formation during first 2 months-vulnerable to teratogens
-placental barrier-small molecules can cross, large cannot
Fetal Period
-heartbeat distinguishable at 8 weeks
-sex distinguishable at 3 months
-viable at 6 months-able to live outside the womb (w/ respiratory help)
Babies are born with approximately ________ neurons.
100 billion
Brain Development-4 stages in utero
-neural tube
-neurogenesis
-neural migration
-neural connectivity
Neural Tube
-formed day 21 out of ectoderm-closes day 27
-complications-anencephaly and spina bifida
-link to folic acid-need high amount to avoid spina bifida
Neurogenesis
-begins at 5th week
-at peak as many as 200,000 neurons per minute
-largely complete by 5th month prenatally
Neural Migration
-begins at 15th week
-neurons move to specific areas to do specific jobs
-can be affected by teratogens
Neural Connectivity
begins about 23rd week
-connections begin to be formed
Multipotentiality of cells occurs ____ to differentiation.
prior
We are born with ______ neurons than we will have as an adult.
more
Teratogens/Teratology
-the study of what causes birth defects
-hazards to birth
-from the mother
*caffeine
*fetal alcohol syndrome
*alcohol even at low-moderate levels
*cigarette smoke
-from the environment-radiation, chemical pollutants
-maternal characteristics-weight, diabetes, emotional state
*1/3 of women at reproductive state are obese-related to asphyxia, increased risk for childhood obesity
-maternal diseases
-maternal diet and nutrition
-paternal factors
Caffeine
higher occurrence of miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight, and leukemia as well as childhood obesity
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FASD)
impairments verbal comprehension, processing speed, attention, executive functioning, and language development as well as increased risk of suicide in adolescence
Alcohol at Low-Moderate Levels
mental health-anxiety, depression, emotional problems
Cigarette Smoke
negative effect, poorer attention, greater excitability and irritability during 1st year as well as lower achievement at 16 yrs.
Paternal Factors`
-factors may affect sperm-mutations in genes
-ex. exposure to lead, radiation, chemicals, smoking, age
-study-daily e. cig users have lower sperm count
-paternal smoking during pregnancy linked to increased risk of childhood leukemia
Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
-ultrasound sonography
-fetal MRI
-chorionic villus sampling-sample from placenta
-amniocentesis-amniotic fluid
-maternal blood screening & cell-free fetal DNA
*testing as early as 10 weeks prenatally can identify certain disorders (ex. down syndrome)
Importance of Prenatal Care
-nutrition, exercise, self-care
-african american and latinx women reported 2x as many barriers to prenatal care
1st Stage of Birth
-uterine contractions
-cervix stretches and opens
-longest stage-average 6-12 hours for the 1st child-up to 24 hours is normal
-ends when fully dialated-cervix is 10 cm
2nd Stage of Birth
-delivery
-begins when baby’s head moves through the cervix and birth canal
-ends when baby has completely emerged
-contractions are ab 1 min. apart and last 1 min.
-average 45 min-1 hour (up to 3 hours is normal)
3rd Stage of Birth
-afterbirth
-placenta, umbilical cord detached and expelled
-lasts only few minutes
Settings and Attendants for Childbirth
-hospital w/ father or birth coach-most common in US
-men excluded in east african nigoni culture
-pukapukan culture in pacific islands-community events
-waterbirth
*perceived as positive experience
*more favorable outcomes for mother and newborn less likely to go to NICU, have heart abnormalities and respiratory complications
-midwives-trained health practitioner
*in holland 40% of births delivered by midwives
*in US up from <1%in 1975 to 9.1% in 2017
-doulas-“a woman who helps”-often part of birthing team including hospital staff``
APGAR Test
-scores from 0-10
-7-10 is considered normal
-scores 5-10 minutes post birth provide prognostic info ab premies ability to survive
Low Birth Weight
less than 5 lbs. 8 oz
-very low birth weight-less than 2 lbs. 3 oz
Preterm Infants
35 weeks or fewer after conception
Nurturing-Kangaroo Care and Baby Massage
-premies and low birth weight-2-6 hours a day gained more weight than those that did not receive the kangaroo care-not so for those less than 2 hours a day
-experimental study on kangaroo care in India with low birth weight-higher survival rate
-massage-preterms- significant daily weight gains and increase in bone density
Postpartum Period
-both mothers and fathers have some adjusting to do
-postpartum depression for father- 9% in first month, 8% 1-3 months after birth
*japan 11.2% after one month post delivery
-70% of mothers experience postpartum blues
-10% experience postpartum depression
-20% have no symptoms
-1% experience postpartum psychosis
Neuroconstructivist View of Brain Development
the brain has plasticity and its development depends on context
-experiences affect connections that are made
-use it or lose it-pruning
-brain development and cognitive development are closely linked
-much like the g x e epigenetic view
Motor Area
control of voluntary muscles
Sensory Area
skin sensations (temperature, pressure, pain)`
Frontal Lobe
movement, problem-solving, concentrating, thinking, behavior, personality, mood
Broca’s Area
speech control
Temporal Lobe
hearing, language, memory
Brain Stem
consciousness, heart rate, breathing
Parietal Lobe
sensations, language, perception, body awareness, attention
Occipital Lobe
vision, perception
Wernicke’s Area
language comprehension
Cerebellum
posture, balance, coordination of movement
Neurons
nerve cells
Dendrites
receive messages
Axon
sends messages
Myelin Sheath
speeds up transmission of messages, signals jump from node to node
-don’t have myelin sheath when we are born
Neurotransmitters
carry signals to dendrites of other neurons, attach to receptor sites during all or none response at a certain threshold and then they fire
Blooming and Pruning occurs because of _______.
density. Pruning allows the brain to function more efficiently
At infancy, the brain is at ____ of adult weight.
25%
By 2 yrs., the brain is at _____ of adult weight.
75%
-myelination and dendritic branching
-blooming and pruning
Areas __ ____ mature uniformly.
do not
______ _______ affects _________
early experience; development
Childhood Brain Development
distinct spurts-some areas can nearly double followed by loss of tissue-reorganization
-adverse environments can continue to affect (poverty and parental quality)
-middle to late childhood-continued development of prefrontal cortex
-brain aging patterns similar from 9-23 yrs of age-boys are delayed one year compared to girls
Adolescent Brain Development
continued growth
-structural changes to corpus callosum, prefrontal cortex, and limbic system
-risk-taking behavior
-emerging adulthood-continued increased connectivity between frontal cortex and hippocampus=improvement in higher-level cognition (ex. problem-solving, planning)
Adulthood and Aging Brain Development
-corpus callosum continues to thicken well into 30s-begin decline in mid-late 50s
-shrinking, slowing-decrease in weight (5-10%) and volume (15%)
*some areas more than other-prefrontal cortex-reflexes
-reduction in neurotransmitters and demyelination
-brain atrophy-less in women than men
-neurogenesis-continued dendritic branching-delateralization
Brain Atrophy
loss of neurons and connections between them
Delateralization
makes up or shrinking of the brain for old people
Cephalocaudal
development happens from the head down
Proximodistal
development from the center outward
Physical Development is _____.
episodic-spurts
Physical Development affected by…
-genetic influences
-ethnic origin
-nutrition
Physical Trends in Infancy
rapid growth-almost doubled (40%) length in 1st year
Physical Trends as Toddler
by 2 yrs, nearly 1/2 as tall as adult height
Physical Trends in Early Childhood
slowing down but stretching as trunks lengthen
Physical Trends in Mid-Late Childhood
slow, consistent growth
-calm before the storm-no spurt
-loss of baby fat-increase in muscle and strength
________ is considered peak performance
Early Adulthood
Physical Aspects of Puberty
-age of onset typically earlier for girls by 2 yrs
*obesity also linked to earlier onset for both males and females
-menarche-first menustration
-hormonal changes
*boys-androgens-testosterone
*girls-estrogens-estradiol
*hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal, and sex glands
-timing variations
*historical changes in onset
*boys-10-13.5 years, ending 13-17
*girls-9-15 yrs.
Psychological Aspects of Puberty
-preoccupation with body
*social media use may be linked to more negative body image, especially for girls
-boys
*earlier maturation has benefits and drawbacks
-girls
*increase focus on body image
*earlier maturation can be a risk factor
Why Sleep?
-protection-evolutionary theory
-restoration-replenishing and rebuilding
*cells increased production and reduced breakdown of proteins
*clears out metabolic waste in neural tissue
-adaptation-important for plasticity
*increased neural connectivity
*consolidation of information-improved memories and losing sleep may negatively affect attention, reasoning and decision making
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
-concerns through infancy of sleep
-highest cause of death for infants in US
-risk highest from 2-4 months
-sleeping in the prone (belly down) position in high risk
-other risk factors…low SES, soft bedding, bed sharing, low birth weight, sleep apnea, gene mutation
-may be related to a deficiency in neurotransmitter serotonin
Links Between Infant Sleep and Cognitive Function
-poor sleep quality linked to inconsistent bedtime routines, maternal depression, and & screen time
-shorter sleep duration in infancy linked to lower cognitive development and language at 2 yrs
Childhood Concerns Through Lifespan (sleep)
-10-13 hours for young children (3-4 years)
-10-11 for elementary aged
-inadequate sleep linked to obesity, ADHD, and poor school readiness
-good sleep linked to social skills, vocabulary, peer acceptance
-negative effects of extended screen time
Adolescent and Emerging Adulthood Sleep
-adolescents-9.5 hrs ideal/emerging adults to middle adults 7-9 hrs ideal
-later release of melatonin-internal clock shift
-inadequate sleep (<8 hrs) linked to negative mood outcomes, sleepiness, caffeine
-increasing demands paired w. increased screen time/caffeine
-college-sleep deprivation linked to lower GPA and delayed graduation
Adulthood Sleep
-average american adults get <7 hrs. sleep per night
*similar findings in norwegian study
-what is optimal-7-9 hours recommended
*<7 and >9 both linked to adverse outcomes
-lower sleep quality linked to lower levels of executive function, processing speed, memory recall, and increased learning difficulty
Aging Sleep
-ideal 7-8 hrs
-poor sleep quality linked to depression, risk factor for Alzheimers, increased fraility, shorter longetivity
Self-Esteem
-boys use what they are good at to increase self-esteem
-girls focus on attractiveness
Theories of Aging
-evolutionary theory-natural selection linked to reproductive fitness
-genetic and cellular process theories
*cellular clock theory
*free radical theory
*mitochondrial theory
*sirtuin theory
*mTOR pathway theory
*hormonal stress theory
Cellular Clock Theory (Hayflick)
cells can only divide 75-80 times
-also known as telomere theory
-shortening of telomeres at the tips of chromosomes (no more cell division)
-lifestyle interventions (ex. diet and exercise) can slow this process
Free Radical Theory
-by-product of cellular metabolization which causes oxidative damage in cells
-in older adults healthy body weight was linked to reduced oxidative stress
Mitochondrial Theory
-mitochondrial supply energy for function, growth and repair of cells-important for neuronal plasticity
-decay of mitochondria resulting from oxidative damage and loss of micronutrients
Sirtuin Theory
-family of proteins linked to longetivity-SIRT 6 implicated in DNA repair
-implicated in diabetes, alzheimers, and parkinsons
-more sirtuin=extended life spand
mTOR Pathway Theory
-cellular pathway involving regulation of growth and metabolism
Hormonal Stress Theory
-allostasis-adaptation and adjustment to stress
-allostatic load-wearing down of systems due to constant activity
-prolonged, elevated hormones increase risk for disease
-variations is decline of immune system functioning
Centenarians-100+
-in 2020 there were 82000 alive in the world
-50 oldest were women-theories linked to estrogens and having children increased longetivity
-as of june 2020 oldest was 117 in japan
-genes
-environment
-family history
-healthy lifestyle
-education
-personality
-g x e interactions
Obesity
BMI at or above 97% or >30
-increased risk for other diseases as well as acceleration in aging
-in 10-17 year olds also linked to poor academic and coping skills
-in elderly linked to earlier death
-slightly lower incidence in older adults as compared to middle-aged adults`
Anorexia Nervosa
restricted calorie intake leading to dangerously low body weight, persistent fear of gaining weight, distorted body image
-<1% of population-most common in females, non-Latina white, competitive/perfectionist personality
-have ~85% of normal body weight
Bulimia Nervosa
binge and purge patterns, sense of loss of control during binge
-purging can be vomiting, extreme exercise, etc.
-to be diagnosed, this happens at least 2x per week for 3 months
-90% cases are women, 1-2% of women diagnosed
Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)
new diagnoses in 2013 DSM
-like bulimia but no purging
-diminished activity in prefrontal cortex
Substance Use
-drinking and smoking declining in adolescence
-e-cig use higher than cigarette use
-risk-taking behaviors under influence of alcohol are of major concern
-adolescence marijuana use on the rise
-emerging adults binge-drinking (18-30 yrs)
-older adults-concern of multiple medications (overdose)
-moderate drinking may have protective effects later in life
*ex. resteverol (found in red wine) associated with lower systolic blood pressure, reduction in pulmonary arterial hypertension, and suppression in tumor growth
Bulimia is ______, but can become ________.
self-induced; conditioned
Less drinking is linked to lower ________.
social interactions
Dementia
deterioration of mental functioning-broad category
Alzheimers Disease
progressive, irreversible brain disorder
-gradual deterioration-brain shrinks and deteriorates
-10% of people 65+ are affected, 3% of 65-74, 17% of 75-84, 32% of 85+
-deficiency in acetylcholine-linked to memory
-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (tau)
-mitochondrial dysfunction-early event in disease
-gene-ApoE (apolipoprotein E)-more specifically ApoE4 allele
-ApoE2 allele-strongest protective gene
*difference in these genes associated with methylation variations in blood, especially lipid and cholesterol processes
-pharmaceutical treatments may slow but does not stop or reverse
With Alzheimers/Dementia, the _______ is affected first and the _______ is affected last
hippocampus; occipital lobe
Parkinson’s Disease
chronic, progressive-muscle tremors, slowing of movement, partial facial paralysis
-linked to lack of dopamine production in the substantia nigra
-regulation of dopamine and LDopa for parkinsons and positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Caregivers of patients with Alzheimers are more at risk because of stress (T/F)
true
It is healthier for seniors to feel _______ and have control over their environment
dependent
Buffers-Nutrition
-benefits of breastmilk
-importance of fruits and vegetables (leafy greens)
-5-2-1-0 rule for children
-vitamins and supplements might not be the answer for nutrition
-eating clean
Buffers-Exercise
-guidelines for children-3hrs of exercise per day
-important not only for physical health, but cognitive and socioemotional health as well
*ex. goal-directed thinking, memory, attention, effortful processing, academic achievement-mood, sociability, peer relations
-WHO-physical inactivity as a key factor in dying early
-according to CDC, 1 in 3 males and 1 in 2 females are not engaging in exercise by age 75. however, moderate to high activity level linked to lower incidence of dementia in 60-65 yrs, less brain atrophy, lower depression, and higher life satisfaction in older adults
Women who nurse ______ ______ ______, and breastmilk has DHA
lose weight faster
Motor Development Dynamic System View (Thelen)
-early belief is that motor development is a natural unfolding (Gesell-1934)
-last 20 years-development of motor skills for perceiving and acting
-active effort to coordinate several components of the skill-ex. jumping and walking
*ballpark followed by fine tuning
*infants modulate their movement patterns to fit a new task by exploring and selecting proper configurations
*within physical constraints of physiology and environment (build up muscle first)
Motor Development is…
-embodied-within physicality
-embedded-context and environment plays a role
-encultured-cultured
-enabling-motivates further action
Reflexes
unlearned first movements
-allow infants to respond adaptively before they have the chance to learn
-new view-not completely beyond the infant’s control (ex. sucking)
Rooting Reflex
infant cheek stroked, they turn and search for something to suck
-until about 3-4 months
Moro Reflex
arch their back, throw back head, and fling out arms and legs-> then rapidly close their arms and legs
-until about 3-4 months
-usually happens when putting baby to sleep, wakes the baby up, this is why parents swaddle
Sucking Reflex
suck objects put in the mouth
-rooting and sucking go hand-in-hand for nursing
-newborns can control how much they suck
Grasping Reflex
grasp when something touches their palm
-until ab 5-6 months in hand, 9-12 month for feet
Stepping Reflex
takes steps when held upright and feet touch flat surface
-until about 2 months
Tonic Reflex
head to one side, that arm stretches out and pulls other in
-until about 7 months
Gross Motor Skills
-postural control
-sitting (with aid-2 months, without- 6-7 months)
-standing (with aid- 8-9 months, alone 10-12 months)
-crawling and walking
-2 yrs.-jumping, kicking a ball, jumping in place
-3 yrs.-running, skipping, hopping
-4-6 yrs.-adventurous-parks!
-middle childhood and on-sports!
Which develops first: Gross or Fine motor skills?
Gross
Fine Motor Skills
-coordinated movements of hands and fingers
*palmer grasp-grab things with palms
*pincer grasp-grab things with fingers
-progression and improvement
*3 yrs- puzzles
*4-5 yrs, block building
*6 yrs- hammer, paste, tying shoes
*7 yrs-pencils rather than crayons
*8-10 yrs-cursive
*10-12 yrs-fine arts
Sensory and Perceptual Development (Ecological View-Gibson)
-we directly perceive information that exists in the world
-perception is designed for action-to interact and adapt
-focus on possible affordances
*opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities
-studies of senses and the development and use of these senses
Sensation
when outside environmental information (ex. rays of light, soundwaves) enter our sense organs and moves through the sensory pathways
Perception
the interpretation of what has been sensed
We are born with perception according to the ecological view? (T/F)
true
Techniques of Studying Perception in Newborns
-visual preference
-habituation and dishabituation
-amplitude of sucking-shows infant audio preferences
-orienting
-eye-tracking equipment (visual preference and habituation)
Findings of Perception in Newborns
-visual system is ready at birth
*newborns as young as 9 min visually follow moving stimulus
-perception of occluded objects at about 2 months
-depth perception-visual cliff
Infant Visual Preferences
-black, white, and red
-faces
-recent study: color highest for blue hues/lowest for yellow hues
Infant Audio Preferences
-mother’s voice
-women’s voices
-high-pitched
Vision Later in Life
-visual acuity declines from 40-59 yrs-loss of accommodation prebyopsia
-less sensitivity to low light
-older adults decline more pronounced-degenerative changes in retina
*dark adaptation slower
*decline in motor sensitivity
*decline in depth perception
*color vision decline
Cataracts
thickening of lens
Glaucoma
optic nerve damage from fluid build-up
Macular Degeneration
focal center of the visual field deteriorates
Hearing Later in Life
-few changes until middle adulthood
-concern for adolescent hearing with loud music
-sensitivity to hear high pitches in middle adulthood-sooner for men
-15% of 65+ legally deaf and 63% of adults 70+ have hearing loss
*due to degeneration of cochlea
*hearing aids and cochlear implants
-several recent studies indicate decline of various sensory modalities linked to cognitive decline
Intermodal Perception
perceptual information that is processed by several senses simultaneously (ex. hearing, seeing, touching)
Empiricists
emphasize learning and experience
Nativists
are nature proponents
Perceptual Motor Couping
action can guide perception and perception can guide action
