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Psychology of Human Development > Exam 1 Material > Flashcards

Exam 1 Material Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

pattern of movement or change from conception to death
-although upper boundary is 122 yrs, not changed, average life expectancy has changed!
-in the uterus, sets a lot of foundations for development

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2
Q

In 2019, for the first time in US history, there were more individuals _____ than ______.

A

over 60; under 18

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3
Q

Hawaii vs. Mississippi Life Expectancy

A

-80.9 yrs in Hawaii
-74.4 yrs in Mississippi

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4
Q

Life Expectancy Difference Between Male and Female

A

-Utah=3.5 yrs
-Mississippi=6.4 yrs

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5
Q

Development is…

A

-lifelong
-multidimensional-biological, cognitive, socioemotional
-multidirectional-depending on the period, some components or dimensions may expand or shrink
-plastic-capacity to change, flexibility (greatly associated w/ neural development)
-multidisciplinary
-contextual-contexts affects development
*normative age-graded
*normative history-graded
*non-normative life events
-involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
-co-constructed of biology, culture, and the individual

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6
Q

Typically, _____ live longer than _____. This is linked to _______ levels.

A

females; males; estrogen

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7
Q

Normative Age-Graded

A

normal physiological change at that age
-ex. puberty

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8
Q

Normative History-Graded

A

development based off history or time, cohort effect
-ex. phone use of a 60 yr old vs 10 yr old

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9
Q

Non-Normative Life Events

A

things that can affect development that are not normal
-ex. traumatic events

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10
Q

Growth, Maintenance, and Loss

A

Growth-early years
Maintenance-middle ages
Loss-elderly

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11
Q

Contemporary Concerns

A

-health and well-being
-parenting and education
-socio-cultural contexts and diversity
-social policy-take what’s learned and make changes
-technology

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12
Q

Major Areas of Development

A

-biological
-cognitive
-socioemotional
-neuroscience
-inextricably interwined-often influence are bidirectional

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13
Q

Periods of Development

A

-prenatal period (conception to birth)
-infancy (birth to 18-24 months)
-early childhood (3-5 yrs)
-middle/late childhood (6-10/11 yrs.)
-adolescence (10-12 to 18-21 yrs)
-early adulthood (20s-30s)
-middle adulthood (40s-50s)
-late adulthood (60-70s to death)

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14
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

-18-25 yrs
-identity exploration, instability, self-focused, autonomous, few responsibilities, feeling “in-between”-age of possibilities

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15
Q

Increased Middle Age

A

-beginning earlier and lasting longer
-44-64 yrs old reporting feeling younger than their age-old age not until 69?

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16
Q

Large Elderly Population

A

-with medical advances, increased life expectancy & decreased fertility-larger proportion of the population is older

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17
Q

Conceptualizing Age

A

-chronological age
-biological age-physicality
-psychological age-maturation
-social age-relationships

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18
Q

Patterns of Aging

A

-normal aging
-pathological aging
-successful aging

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19
Q

Pathological Aging

A

changes that occur because of age-related diseases

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20
Q

Successful Aging

A

high functioning at old age with no disease

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21
Q

Nature Vs Nurture

A

-nature: what we are born with-genes and genetic programs
-nurture: what we are surrounded by-environmental experiences

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22
Q

Stability Vs Change

A

-stability-what parts of our personalities stay the same
-change-parts of personality change

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23
Q

Continuity Vs Discontinuity

A

-continuity-things build on each other-gradual cumulative change
-discontinuity-stages are qualitively different-abrupt shifts

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24
Q

Psychoanalytic Theories

A

-freud-psychosexual stages (5)
-erikson-psychosocial stages (8)

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25
Q

Cognitive Theories

A

-piaget-4 stages of cognitive developement
-vgotsky-sociocultural theory
-information processing theories

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26
Q

Ethological Theories

A

-behavior strongly ties to biology, evolution, and timing
-lorenz-imprinting
-bowlby-attachment

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27
Q

Ecological Theory

A

-broffenbrenner
-development is a complex system of relationships affected by multiple views
-environment has a big influence on development

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28
Q

Behavioral and Social Theories

A

-skinner-operant conditioning
-bandura-social cognitive theory

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29
Q

_____ believed development ended at 12-13 yrs.

A

Freud

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30
Q

Imprinting

A

during critical period, animals follow and attach to the behaviors of the first parental figure they see
-ex. ducks

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31
Q

Data Collection Methods

A

-observation-watch
-survey/interview-ask
-standardized test-test
-case study-story of one
-physiological-biological markers

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32
Q

Research Designs

A

-descriptive-describe
-correlational-predict and show relations
-experimental-explain cause and effect

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33
Q

Developmental Design Issues

A

-time span
-cohort issues

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34
Q

Cross-Sectional Studies

A

compare different ages at the same time

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35
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A

same individuals studied over time

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36
Q

Cross-sectional can show how different ages respond but can confuse _______ and _______ (generational effects)

A

age and cohort effects

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37
Q

Longitudinal can study age changes but can only study _____.

A

one cohort

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38
Q

Ethics in Research

A

-rights of the participant
-responsibilities of the researcher
-permissions!
-IRB and APA guidelines
*informed consent
*confidentiality
*debriefing
*deception
*parent/guardian consent

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39
Q

Minimizing Bias

A

-gender bias
-cultural and ethnic bias

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40
Q

Genetics

A

genetic coding is stored on chromosomes found in the nucleus

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41
Q

Chromosomes

A

thread-like structures made up of DNA
-23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of most human cells=46

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42
Q

Cell division, with the exception of sex cells, occurs through ________.

A

mitosis

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43
Q

Sex Cells

A

-sperm, ovum
-gametes
-23 unpaired chromosomes
-cell division occurs through meiosis (from 1 to 4 cells)

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44
Q

Fertilization

A

-23 chromosomes from each parent

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45
Q

_____ pair of chromosomes determines biological sex

A

23rd
-XX=female
-XY=male

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46
Q

Genes

A

segments of the chromosome that code for specific protein productions
-humans have 21,306 genes

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47
Q

Genetic coding is also affected by ________ as well as _________.

A

other genes; outside environment
“on” and “off”-precursors

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48
Q

Cutting Edge Research

A

human genome project completed in 2003

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49
Q

Genome-Wide Association Method

A

DNA and disease
-used to study depression, autism, alzheimers

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50
Q

Linkage Analysis

A

identifies gene location in relation to a marker gene
-used in studying cancer, bipolar disorder, suicide, glaucoma
-observes which chromosome the gene is linked to and how it is affected

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51
Q

Next-Generation Sequencing

A

technology to sequence human genome

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52
Q

Thousand Genomes Project

A

collection of genomes from a diverse population

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53
Q

Susceptibility Genes and Longevity Genes

A

susceptibility genes examined in relation to COVID-19, arthritis, colorectal cancer, cardiovascular disease, and parkinsons disease

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54
Q

Genes are made up of __ alleles.

A

2 (one from mom one from dad)

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55
Q

Genotype

A

actual genetic material

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56
Q

3 Possible Combinations of Dominant (C) and Recessive (c) Alleles

A

-homozygous dominant (CC)
-heterozygous (Cc)
-homozygous recessive (cc)

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57
Q

Phenotype

A

outward expression of genotype
-for a single gene transmission these genotypes are associated with specific expression (more info on other cards)

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58
Q

Dominant Transmission

A

only need one dominant allele for expression
-ex. familial hypercholesterolemia

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59
Q

Recessive Transmission

A

need both alleles to be recessive for expression
-ex. cystic fibrosis

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60
Q

Heterozygous is considered a _______ but does not express.

A

carrier

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61
Q

Partial Expression

A

sometimes both allele express
-ex. sickle-cell anemia

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62
Q

Sex-Linked Transmission

A

-ex. color-blindness

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63
Q

Polygenetic Inheritance

A

many-most attributes are the result of multiple genes
-these often show up as being normally distributed in a population
-ex. height, weight, IQ

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64
Q

Gene-to-Gene Interaction

A

focus on the interdependence of 2 or more genes influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development
-recent research-immune system functioning, cancer, obesity

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65
Q

Genetic Mutations

A

permanently altered segments of DNA
-can be caused by chance, environment, or cellular machinery mistake (cell replication)
-ex. cancer

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66
Q

What can be caused by having the wrong amount of chromosomes?

A

down syndrome-trisomy 21
-sex-linked diseases
-XXY=klinefelters (male)
-XO-turners (female)
-XYY (male)

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67
Q

Is biology destiny?

A

No! consider PKU

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68
Q

PKU-Phenylketonuria

A

-inability to metabolize phenylalanine
-build up results in seizures, cognitive impairment, mental disorders, early mortality
-test early->change diet->normal develoment

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69
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

field that examines influence of heredity and environment on individual differences

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70
Q

Twin Studies (Behavioral Genetics)

A

compare similarities fo identical twins w/ fraternal twins
-fraternal twins share about 25% of genes

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71
Q

Adoption Studies (Behavioral Genetics)

A

similarity of child w/ biological parents
-compare adoptive siblings and biological siblings

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72
Q

Concordance Rates

A

the % of cases where both in a pair has the attribute

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73
Q

Scarr’s Heredity-Environment Correlation

A

3 types of genotype-environmental correlation
-passive-parents determine environment, determine behavior (toddler)
-evocative-evokes responses of the environment, behavior determines outcome (child)
-active-pick environments ourselves that suit genetic predisposition (adult)
-genes affect environment
-differ depending on developmental period

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74
Q

Gottlieb Epigenetic View

A

gene X environment interactions (g X e interactions)
-short 5-HTTPR gene
-linked to serotonin, linked to depression only if they also lead stressful lives
*linked to higher cortisol reactivity
-linked to depression for those with heart disease, stroke, and parkinsons
-g x e interactions in infancy
*difficulties with methods, replication, inflating claims, etc.
-heredity and environment affect each other

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75
Q

Prenatal Development

A

-germinal period (conception to 2 weeks)
-embryonic period (implantation to 8 weeks)
-fetal period (8 weeks to birth)

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76
Q

Germinal Period

A

-zygote
-by 1 week differentiation has occurred
*blastocyst-inner mass of cells-will become embryo
*trophoblast-outer layer of cells-will later provide nutrition and support

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77
Q

Embryonic Period

A

-embryo
*endoderm-inner layer-will become digestive and respiratory systems
*mesoderm-middle layer-will become other system and bones and muscles
*ectoderm-outer layer-will become nervous system, sensory receptors, and skin parts
-organogenesis-organ formation during first 2 months-vulnerable to teratogens
-placental barrier-small molecules can cross, large cannot

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78
Q

Fetal Period

A

-heartbeat distinguishable at 8 weeks
-sex distinguishable at 3 months
-viable at 6 months-able to live outside the womb (w/ respiratory help)

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79
Q

Babies are born with approximately ________ neurons.

A

100 billion

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80
Q

Brain Development-4 stages in utero

A

-neural tube
-neurogenesis
-neural migration
-neural connectivity

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81
Q

Neural Tube

A

-formed day 21 out of ectoderm-closes day 27
-complications-anencephaly and spina bifida
-link to folic acid-need high amount to avoid spina bifida

82
Q

Neurogenesis

A

-begins at 5th week
-at peak as many as 200,000 neurons per minute
-largely complete by 5th month prenatally

83
Q

Neural Migration

A

-begins at 15th week
-neurons move to specific areas to do specific jobs
-can be affected by teratogens

84
Q

Neural Connectivity

A

begins about 23rd week
-connections begin to be formed

85
Q

Multipotentiality of cells occurs ____ to differentiation.

A

prior

86
Q

We are born with ______ neurons than we will have as an adult.

A

more

87
Q

Teratogens/Teratology

A

-the study of what causes birth defects
-hazards to birth
-from the mother
*caffeine
*fetal alcohol syndrome
*alcohol even at low-moderate levels
*cigarette smoke
-from the environment-radiation, chemical pollutants
-maternal characteristics-weight, diabetes, emotional state
*1/3 of women at reproductive state are obese-related to asphyxia, increased risk for childhood obesity
-maternal diseases
-maternal diet and nutrition
-paternal factors

88
Q

Caffeine

A

higher occurrence of miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight, and leukemia as well as childhood obesity

89
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FASD)

A

impairments verbal comprehension, processing speed, attention, executive functioning, and language development as well as increased risk of suicide in adolescence

90
Q

Alcohol at Low-Moderate Levels

A

mental health-anxiety, depression, emotional problems

91
Q

Cigarette Smoke

A

negative effect, poorer attention, greater excitability and irritability during 1st year as well as lower achievement at 16 yrs.

92
Q

Paternal Factors`

A

-factors may affect sperm-mutations in genes
-ex. exposure to lead, radiation, chemicals, smoking, age
-study-daily e. cig users have lower sperm count
-paternal smoking during pregnancy linked to increased risk of childhood leukemia

93
Q

Prenatal Diagnostic Tests

A

-ultrasound sonography
-fetal MRI
-chorionic villus sampling-sample from placenta
-amniocentesis-amniotic fluid
-maternal blood screening & cell-free fetal DNA
*testing as early as 10 weeks prenatally can identify certain disorders (ex. down syndrome)

94
Q

Importance of Prenatal Care

A

-nutrition, exercise, self-care
-african american and latinx women reported 2x as many barriers to prenatal care

95
Q

1st Stage of Birth

A

-uterine contractions
-cervix stretches and opens
-longest stage-average 6-12 hours for the 1st child-up to 24 hours is normal
-ends when fully dialated-cervix is 10 cm

96
Q

2nd Stage of Birth

A

-delivery
-begins when baby’s head moves through the cervix and birth canal
-ends when baby has completely emerged
-contractions are ab 1 min. apart and last 1 min.
-average 45 min-1 hour (up to 3 hours is normal)

97
Q

3rd Stage of Birth

A

-afterbirth
-placenta, umbilical cord detached and expelled
-lasts only few minutes

98
Q

Settings and Attendants for Childbirth

A

-hospital w/ father or birth coach-most common in US
-men excluded in east african nigoni culture
-pukapukan culture in pacific islands-community events
-waterbirth
*perceived as positive experience
*more favorable outcomes for mother and newborn less likely to go to NICU, have heart abnormalities and respiratory complications
-midwives-trained health practitioner
*in holland 40% of births delivered by midwives
*in US up from <1%in 1975 to 9.1% in 2017
-doulas-“a woman who helps”-often part of birthing team including hospital staff``

99
Q

APGAR Test

A

-scores from 0-10
-7-10 is considered normal
-scores 5-10 minutes post birth provide prognostic info ab premies ability to survive

100
Q

Low Birth Weight

A

less than 5 lbs. 8 oz
-very low birth weight-less than 2 lbs. 3 oz

101
Q

Preterm Infants

A

35 weeks or fewer after conception

102
Q

Nurturing-Kangaroo Care and Baby Massage

A

-premies and low birth weight-2-6 hours a day gained more weight than those that did not receive the kangaroo care-not so for those less than 2 hours a day
-experimental study on kangaroo care in India with low birth weight-higher survival rate
-massage-preterms- significant daily weight gains and increase in bone density

103
Q

Postpartum Period

A

-both mothers and fathers have some adjusting to do
-postpartum depression for father- 9% in first month, 8% 1-3 months after birth
*japan 11.2% after one month post delivery
-70% of mothers experience postpartum blues
-10% experience postpartum depression
-20% have no symptoms
-1% experience postpartum psychosis

104
Q

Neuroconstructivist View of Brain Development

A

the brain has plasticity and its development depends on context
-experiences affect connections that are made
-use it or lose it-pruning
-brain development and cognitive development are closely linked
-much like the g x e epigenetic view

105
Q

Motor Area

A

control of voluntary muscles

106
Q

Sensory Area

A

skin sensations (temperature, pressure, pain)`

107
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

movement, problem-solving, concentrating, thinking, behavior, personality, mood

108
Q

Broca’s Area

A

speech control

109
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

hearing, language, memory

110
Q

Brain Stem

A

consciousness, heart rate, breathing

111
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

sensations, language, perception, body awareness, attention

112
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

vision, perception

113
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

language comprehension

114
Q

Cerebellum

A

posture, balance, coordination of movement

115
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells

116
Q

Dendrites

A

receive messages

117
Q

Axon

A

sends messages

118
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

speeds up transmission of messages, signals jump from node to node
-don’t have myelin sheath when we are born

119
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

carry signals to dendrites of other neurons, attach to receptor sites during all or none response at a certain threshold and then they fire

120
Q

Blooming and Pruning occurs because of _______.

A

density. Pruning allows the brain to function more efficiently

121
Q

At infancy, the brain is at ____ of adult weight.

A

25%

122
Q

By 2 yrs., the brain is at _____ of adult weight.

A

75%
-myelination and dendritic branching
-blooming and pruning

123
Q

Areas __ ____ mature uniformly.

A

do not

124
Q

______ _______ affects _________

A

early experience; development

125
Q

Childhood Brain Development

A

distinct spurts-some areas can nearly double followed by loss of tissue-reorganization
-adverse environments can continue to affect (poverty and parental quality)
-middle to late childhood-continued development of prefrontal cortex
-brain aging patterns similar from 9-23 yrs of age-boys are delayed one year compared to girls

126
Q

Adolescent Brain Development

A

continued growth
-structural changes to corpus callosum, prefrontal cortex, and limbic system
-risk-taking behavior
-emerging adulthood-continued increased connectivity between frontal cortex and hippocampus=improvement in higher-level cognition (ex. problem-solving, planning)

127
Q

Adulthood and Aging Brain Development

A

-corpus callosum continues to thicken well into 30s-begin decline in mid-late 50s
-shrinking, slowing-decrease in weight (5-10%) and volume (15%)
*some areas more than other-prefrontal cortex-reflexes
-reduction in neurotransmitters and demyelination
-brain atrophy-less in women than men
-neurogenesis-continued dendritic branching-delateralization

128
Q

Brain Atrophy

A

loss of neurons and connections between them

129
Q

Delateralization

A

makes up or shrinking of the brain for old people

130
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

development happens from the head down

131
Q

Proximodistal

A

development from the center outward

132
Q

Physical Development is _____.

A

episodic-spurts

133
Q

Physical Development affected by…

A

-genetic influences
-ethnic origin
-nutrition

134
Q

Physical Trends in Infancy

A

rapid growth-almost doubled (40%) length in 1st year

135
Q

Physical Trends as Toddler

A

by 2 yrs, nearly 1/2 as tall as adult height

136
Q

Physical Trends in Early Childhood

A

slowing down but stretching as trunks lengthen

137
Q

Physical Trends in Mid-Late Childhood

A

slow, consistent growth
-calm before the storm-no spurt
-loss of baby fat-increase in muscle and strength

138
Q

________ is considered peak performance

A

Early Adulthood

139
Q

Physical Aspects of Puberty

A

-age of onset typically earlier for girls by 2 yrs
*obesity also linked to earlier onset for both males and females
-menarche-first menustration
-hormonal changes
*boys-androgens-testosterone
*girls-estrogens-estradiol
*hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal, and sex glands
-timing variations
*historical changes in onset
*boys-10-13.5 years, ending 13-17
*girls-9-15 yrs.

140
Q

Psychological Aspects of Puberty

A

-preoccupation with body
*social media use may be linked to more negative body image, especially for girls
-boys
*earlier maturation has benefits and drawbacks
-girls
*increase focus on body image
*earlier maturation can be a risk factor

141
Q

Why Sleep?

A

-protection-evolutionary theory
-restoration-replenishing and rebuilding
*cells increased production and reduced breakdown of proteins
*clears out metabolic waste in neural tissue
-adaptation-important for plasticity
*increased neural connectivity
*consolidation of information-improved memories and losing sleep may negatively affect attention, reasoning and decision making

142
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A

-concerns through infancy of sleep
-highest cause of death for infants in US
-risk highest from 2-4 months
-sleeping in the prone (belly down) position in high risk
-other risk factors…low SES, soft bedding, bed sharing, low birth weight, sleep apnea, gene mutation
-may be related to a deficiency in neurotransmitter serotonin

143
Q

Links Between Infant Sleep and Cognitive Function

A

-poor sleep quality linked to inconsistent bedtime routines, maternal depression, and & screen time
-shorter sleep duration in infancy linked to lower cognitive development and language at 2 yrs

144
Q

Childhood Concerns Through Lifespan (sleep)

A

-10-13 hours for young children (3-4 years)
-10-11 for elementary aged
-inadequate sleep linked to obesity, ADHD, and poor school readiness
-good sleep linked to social skills, vocabulary, peer acceptance
-negative effects of extended screen time

145
Q

Adolescent and Emerging Adulthood Sleep

A

-adolescents-9.5 hrs ideal/emerging adults to middle adults 7-9 hrs ideal
-later release of melatonin-internal clock shift
-inadequate sleep (<8 hrs) linked to negative mood outcomes, sleepiness, caffeine
-increasing demands paired w. increased screen time/caffeine
-college-sleep deprivation linked to lower GPA and delayed graduation

146
Q

Adulthood Sleep

A

-average american adults get <7 hrs. sleep per night
*similar findings in norwegian study
-what is optimal-7-9 hours recommended
*<7 and >9 both linked to adverse outcomes
-lower sleep quality linked to lower levels of executive function, processing speed, memory recall, and increased learning difficulty

147
Q

Aging Sleep

A

-ideal 7-8 hrs
-poor sleep quality linked to depression, risk factor for Alzheimers, increased fraility, shorter longetivity

148
Q

Self-Esteem

A

-boys use what they are good at to increase self-esteem
-girls focus on attractiveness

149
Q

Theories of Aging

A

-evolutionary theory-natural selection linked to reproductive fitness
-genetic and cellular process theories
*cellular clock theory
*free radical theory
*mitochondrial theory
*sirtuin theory
*mTOR pathway theory
*hormonal stress theory

150
Q

Cellular Clock Theory (Hayflick)

A

cells can only divide 75-80 times
-also known as telomere theory
-shortening of telomeres at the tips of chromosomes (no more cell division)
-lifestyle interventions (ex. diet and exercise) can slow this process

151
Q

Free Radical Theory

A

-by-product of cellular metabolization which causes oxidative damage in cells
-in older adults healthy body weight was linked to reduced oxidative stress

152
Q

Mitochondrial Theory

A

-mitochondrial supply energy for function, growth and repair of cells-important for neuronal plasticity
-decay of mitochondria resulting from oxidative damage and loss of micronutrients

153
Q

Sirtuin Theory

A

-family of proteins linked to longetivity-SIRT 6 implicated in DNA repair
-implicated in diabetes, alzheimers, and parkinsons
-more sirtuin=extended life spand

154
Q

mTOR Pathway Theory

A

-cellular pathway involving regulation of growth and metabolism

155
Q

Hormonal Stress Theory

A

-allostasis-adaptation and adjustment to stress
-allostatic load-wearing down of systems due to constant activity
-prolonged, elevated hormones increase risk for disease
-variations is decline of immune system functioning

156
Q

Centenarians-100+

A

-in 2020 there were 82000 alive in the world
-50 oldest were women-theories linked to estrogens and having children increased longetivity
-as of june 2020 oldest was 117 in japan
-genes
-environment
-family history
-healthy lifestyle
-education
-personality
-g x e interactions

157
Q

Obesity

A

BMI at or above 97% or >30
-increased risk for other diseases as well as acceleration in aging
-in 10-17 year olds also linked to poor academic and coping skills
-in elderly linked to earlier death
-slightly lower incidence in older adults as compared to middle-aged adults`

158
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

restricted calorie intake leading to dangerously low body weight, persistent fear of gaining weight, distorted body image
-<1% of population-most common in females, non-Latina white, competitive/perfectionist personality
-have ~85% of normal body weight

159
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

binge and purge patterns, sense of loss of control during binge
-purging can be vomiting, extreme exercise, etc.
-to be diagnosed, this happens at least 2x per week for 3 months
-90% cases are women, 1-2% of women diagnosed

160
Q

Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)

A

new diagnoses in 2013 DSM
-like bulimia but no purging
-diminished activity in prefrontal cortex

161
Q

Substance Use

A

-drinking and smoking declining in adolescence
-e-cig use higher than cigarette use
-risk-taking behaviors under influence of alcohol are of major concern
-adolescence marijuana use on the rise
-emerging adults binge-drinking (18-30 yrs)
-older adults-concern of multiple medications (overdose)
-moderate drinking may have protective effects later in life
*ex. resteverol (found in red wine) associated with lower systolic blood pressure, reduction in pulmonary arterial hypertension, and suppression in tumor growth

162
Q

Bulimia is ______, but can become ________.

A

self-induced; conditioned

163
Q

Less drinking is linked to lower ________.

A

social interactions

164
Q

Dementia

A

deterioration of mental functioning-broad category

165
Q

Alzheimers Disease

A

progressive, irreversible brain disorder
-gradual deterioration-brain shrinks and deteriorates
-10% of people 65+ are affected, 3% of 65-74, 17% of 75-84, 32% of 85+
-deficiency in acetylcholine-linked to memory
-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (tau)
-mitochondrial dysfunction-early event in disease
-gene-ApoE (apolipoprotein E)-more specifically ApoE4 allele
-ApoE2 allele-strongest protective gene
*difference in these genes associated with methylation variations in blood, especially lipid and cholesterol processes
-pharmaceutical treatments may slow but does not stop or reverse

166
Q

With Alzheimers/Dementia, the _______ is affected first and the _______ is affected last

A

hippocampus; occipital lobe

167
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

chronic, progressive-muscle tremors, slowing of movement, partial facial paralysis
-linked to lack of dopamine production in the substantia nigra
-regulation of dopamine and LDopa for parkinsons and positive symptoms of schizophrenia

168
Q

Caregivers of patients with Alzheimers are more at risk because of stress (T/F)

A

true

169
Q

It is healthier for seniors to feel _______ and have control over their environment

A

dependent

170
Q

Buffers-Nutrition

A

-benefits of breastmilk
-importance of fruits and vegetables (leafy greens)
-5-2-1-0 rule for children
-vitamins and supplements might not be the answer for nutrition
-eating clean

171
Q

Buffers-Exercise

A

-guidelines for children-3hrs of exercise per day
-important not only for physical health, but cognitive and socioemotional health as well
*ex. goal-directed thinking, memory, attention, effortful processing, academic achievement-mood, sociability, peer relations
-WHO-physical inactivity as a key factor in dying early
-according to CDC, 1 in 3 males and 1 in 2 females are not engaging in exercise by age 75. however, moderate to high activity level linked to lower incidence of dementia in 60-65 yrs, less brain atrophy, lower depression, and higher life satisfaction in older adults

172
Q

Women who nurse ______ ______ ______, and breastmilk has DHA

A

lose weight faster

173
Q

Motor Development Dynamic System View (Thelen)

A

-early belief is that motor development is a natural unfolding (Gesell-1934)
-last 20 years-development of motor skills for perceiving and acting
-active effort to coordinate several components of the skill-ex. jumping and walking
*ballpark followed by fine tuning
*infants modulate their movement patterns to fit a new task by exploring and selecting proper configurations
*within physical constraints of physiology and environment (build up muscle first)

174
Q

Motor Development is…

A

-embodied-within physicality
-embedded-context and environment plays a role
-encultured-cultured
-enabling-motivates further action

175
Q

Reflexes

A

unlearned first movements
-allow infants to respond adaptively before they have the chance to learn
-new view-not completely beyond the infant’s control (ex. sucking)

176
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

infant cheek stroked, they turn and search for something to suck
-until about 3-4 months

177
Q

Moro Reflex

A

arch their back, throw back head, and fling out arms and legs-> then rapidly close their arms and legs
-until about 3-4 months
-usually happens when putting baby to sleep, wakes the baby up, this is why parents swaddle

178
Q

Sucking Reflex

A

suck objects put in the mouth
-rooting and sucking go hand-in-hand for nursing
-newborns can control how much they suck

179
Q

Grasping Reflex

A

grasp when something touches their palm
-until ab 5-6 months in hand, 9-12 month for feet

180
Q

Stepping Reflex

A

takes steps when held upright and feet touch flat surface
-until about 2 months

181
Q

Tonic Reflex

A

head to one side, that arm stretches out and pulls other in
-until about 7 months

182
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

-postural control
-sitting (with aid-2 months, without- 6-7 months)
-standing (with aid- 8-9 months, alone 10-12 months)
-crawling and walking
-2 yrs.-jumping, kicking a ball, jumping in place
-3 yrs.-running, skipping, hopping
-4-6 yrs.-adventurous-parks!
-middle childhood and on-sports!

183
Q

Which develops first: Gross or Fine motor skills?

A

Gross

184
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

-coordinated movements of hands and fingers
*palmer grasp-grab things with palms
*pincer grasp-grab things with fingers
-progression and improvement
*3 yrs- puzzles
*4-5 yrs, block building
*6 yrs- hammer, paste, tying shoes
*7 yrs-pencils rather than crayons
*8-10 yrs-cursive
*10-12 yrs-fine arts

185
Q

Sensory and Perceptual Development (Ecological View-Gibson)

A

-we directly perceive information that exists in the world
-perception is designed for action-to interact and adapt
-focus on possible affordances
*opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities
-studies of senses and the development and use of these senses

186
Q

Sensation

A

when outside environmental information (ex. rays of light, soundwaves) enter our sense organs and moves through the sensory pathways

187
Q

Perception

A

the interpretation of what has been sensed

188
Q

We are born with perception according to the ecological view? (T/F)

A

true

189
Q

Techniques of Studying Perception in Newborns

A

-visual preference
-habituation and dishabituation
-amplitude of sucking-shows infant audio preferences
-orienting
-eye-tracking equipment (visual preference and habituation)

190
Q

Findings of Perception in Newborns

A

-visual system is ready at birth
*newborns as young as 9 min visually follow moving stimulus
-perception of occluded objects at about 2 months
-depth perception-visual cliff

191
Q

Infant Visual Preferences

A

-black, white, and red
-faces
-recent study: color highest for blue hues/lowest for yellow hues

192
Q

Infant Audio Preferences

A

-mother’s voice
-women’s voices
-high-pitched

193
Q

Vision Later in Life

A

-visual acuity declines from 40-59 yrs-loss of accommodation prebyopsia
-less sensitivity to low light
-older adults decline more pronounced-degenerative changes in retina
*dark adaptation slower
*decline in motor sensitivity
*decline in depth perception
*color vision decline

194
Q

Cataracts

A

thickening of lens

195
Q

Glaucoma

A

optic nerve damage from fluid build-up

196
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

focal center of the visual field deteriorates

197
Q

Hearing Later in Life

A

-few changes until middle adulthood
-concern for adolescent hearing with loud music
-sensitivity to hear high pitches in middle adulthood-sooner for men
-15% of 65+ legally deaf and 63% of adults 70+ have hearing loss
*due to degeneration of cochlea
*hearing aids and cochlear implants
-several recent studies indicate decline of various sensory modalities linked to cognitive decline

198
Q

Intermodal Perception

A

perceptual information that is processed by several senses simultaneously (ex. hearing, seeing, touching)

199
Q

Empiricists

A

emphasize learning and experience

200
Q

Nativists

A

are nature proponents

201
Q

Perceptual Motor Couping

A

action can guide perception and perception can guide action

Psychology of Human Development (4 decks)

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