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FSU - Exercise Physiology > Exam 4 Lectures > Flashcards

Exam 4 Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

List the three layers of connective tissue surrounding the muscles

A

Endomysium, perimysium and the epimysium

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2
Q

What does the endomysium surround

A

It surrounds a single muscle fiber as a thin layer of colalgen

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3
Q

What is the perimysium

A

It is a layer of connective tissue that serves as the scaffolding for nerves and blood vessels to go through and bundles each muscle fiber into a fascicle

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4
Q

What is the epimysium

A

The outermost and thickest layer of connective tissue that surrounds all of the muscle fascicles and transmits the force from the contraction to the bone

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5
Q

What is the sarcolema

A

The membrane of a muscle cell

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6
Q

What is a myofibril

A

The contractile portion of the muscle

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7
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

It is the part of the myofibril that contracts

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8
Q

List the cell types found in whole muscle (10)

A 
Myocytes
Satellite cells
smooth muscle cells
endothelial cells
neurons
schwann cells
hemopoietic stem cells
fibroblasts
adipocytes
immune cells
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9
Q

What tissues are important for force transduction

A

connective tissues

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10
Q

What and where is a satellite cell

A

It is a precursor myocyte that is between the basolamina and the sarcolemma

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11
Q

What are the types of mitochondria found in muscle cells

A

Subsarcolemmal mitochondria - beneath sarcolemma and responsible for Energy for transport across the membrane to the nueromuscular junction
Intramyofibrular (IMF) mitochondria - E for work of the muscle

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12
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum and what is its function

A

It is the ER of muscle cells surrounding the myofibrils that stores Ca++

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13
Q

What are the primary proteins of the sarcolemma

A

Actin and myosin

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14
Q

What is the A band

A

It is the band that spans from myosin to myosin

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15
Q

What is the I band

A

The end of the A band to the A band of the next sarcolemma

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16
Q

What is the Z disk

A

It is the length of the sarcomere that is just actin

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17
Q

What is the M line

A

The attachment protein that joins the myosins together

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18
Q

What is the light band

A

It is the I band and is actin

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19
Q

What is the dark band

A

It is the A band and is myosin

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20
Q

How many actin molecules is myosin in contact with

A

6 - it has a hexagonal shape in reality

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21
Q

What is the sliding filament theory and who discovered it

A

Huxley discovered that the length of actin and myosin does not change, but they actually slide past one another to shorten the H zone and I band during contraction

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22
Q

Muscle contraction (FIX THIS CARD)

A

1) Excitation of membrane, depolarization sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum to activate ryanodine receptors to release Ca++
2) Ca++ binds troponin to expose myosin-binding sites on the actin filaments
3) Myosin heads bind to actin, ADP is released
4) In the power stroke, the myosin head changes conformation, the filaments slide past one another
5) ATP binds to myosin, causing it to release actin
6) ATP is hydrolyzed and the myosin head returns to its resting conformation
7 ) If Ca++ is returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the muscle releases
8) If Ca++ remains available, the cycle repeats and muscles contraction continues

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23
Q

What is the muscle biopsy technique

A

It is a way of examining a muscle by inserting a needle into the belly of a muscle to extract a chunk of muscle tissue. This is then frozen, sliced, stained, and examined under the microscope.

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24
Q

What are the two possible ways to classify muscle tissue?

A

1) Activity of the myosin ATPase enzyme - ST, FOG, FG

2) Myosin heavy chain - Type I, Type IIA, and Type IIB/X

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25
Q

What is type I equivalent to

A

Slow oxidative muscle fibers

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26
Q

What is Type IIA equivalent to

A

Fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibers

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27
Q

What is Type IIX/B equivalent to

A

Fast glycolytic muscle fibers

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28
Q

Where does our fiber type come from?

A

Mainly genetics but also training

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29
Q

What determines muscle fiber type?

A

Fiber type is determined by neural activation

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30
Q

What is the cross innervation study and what did it show?

A

Taking a type I motor unit that innervates Type I fibers and changing it to innervate type IIA fibers instead and vise versa with the Type IIA motor unit. Once crossed, the muscle fibers adapted and changed based on what the neural input was.

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31
Q

What effect can increased endurance training have on muscle fiber type?

A

Increased endurance training can lead to IIX to IIA.

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32
Q

What is the influence of aging on muscle fiber type?

A

With age, we decrease our amount of FT to ST due to loss of FT fivers

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33
Q 
What levels of the following do we see in Type I fibers:
Size
Mitochondrial density
Capillary density
Twitch speed
relax time
fatigability
glycogen
lipids
glycolytic enzymes
oxidative enzymes
A 
Size: small
Mitochondrial density: many
Capillary density: high
Twitch speed: slow
relax time: slow
fatigability: low
glycogen: low
lipids: high
glycolytic enzymes: low
oxidative enzymes: high
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34
Q 
What levels of the following do we see in Type IIA fibers:
Size
Mitochondrial density
Capillary density
Twitch speed
relax time
fatigability
glycogen
lipids
glycolytic enzymes
oxidative enzymes
A 
Size: intermediate
Mitochondrial density: intermediate
Capillary density: intermediate
Twitch speed: fast
relax time: fast
fatigability: intermediate
glycogen: intermediate
lipids: intermediate
glycolytic enzymes: intermediate
oxidative enzymes: intermediate
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35
Q 
What levels of the following do we see in Type IIX fibers:
Size
Mitochondrial density
Capillary density
Twitch speed
relax time
fatigability
glycogen
lipids
glycolytic enzymes
oxidative enzymes
A 
Size: large
Mitochondrial density: few
Capillary density: low
Twitch speed: fast
relax time: fast
fatigability: fast
glycogen: high
lipids: low
glycolytic enzymes: high 
oxidative enzymes: low
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36
Q

What effect was seen with muscle stimulation of low amplitude and long duration

A

Shift Ca++ in the Intracellular compartment and increase expression of calcirieurin, activates NFat to increase Type I and Type IIA expression

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37
Q

What effect is seen by giving cyclosporin in the muscles

A

Blocks activity of NFat so that it is unable to bind, leading to increased Type IIB

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38
Q

What effect was seen with muscle stimulation of high amplitude and short duration

A

Increased Type IIB fibers

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39
Q

What are the four stages of contractions

A

1) Cross-bridge detachment (ATP binding)
2) ATP hydrolysis (recocks myosin head)
2b) Weak actin myosin attachment
3) Actin-myosin binding (Ca++ induced actin myosin binding)
4) Power stroke

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40
Q

What is the state of actin and myosin in a concentric contraction?

A

They are completely overlapped

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41
Q

What is the state of actin and myosin in an eccentric contraction?

A

They are not overlapped

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42
Q

Define concentric

A

Muscle shortening

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43
Q

Define static

A

Unchanged muscle length

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44
Q

Define eccentric

A

Muscle lengthening

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45
Q

What happens with the cross bridge formation in isometric contractions?

A

It forms at the same place

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46
Q

What happens with the cross bridge formation in concentric contraction?

A

Each time a power stroke occurs and it binds, the crossbridge forms with more overlap.
Ex) binding site 1 to 2 to 3

47
Q

What happens with the cross bridge formation in eccentric contraction?

A

Each time a power stroke occurs and it binds, the crossbridge forms with less overlap so the powerstroke and formation are in opposite directions.
Ex) binding site 3 to 2 to 1

48
Q

What are some factors that influence force?

A

Muscle Type (FT or ST)
Fatigue
Muscle Length
Speed of contraction

49
Q

What is the ramp-like recruitment of fibers

A

I -> IIA -> IIX

As you increase force, you increase the type of fibers utilized.

50
Q

How does fatigue play a role in Force

A

Different recruitment patterns occur for different athelets, but in general Type IIX fatigue at a higher rate than Type I.
Also, different things ie swim vs jog, utilize different motor units within the muscle which is why there is little overlap in training

51
Q

How does muscle length play a role in Force

A

At the longest and shortest sarcomere length, there is not enough force being produced. The optimal overlap occurs where the maximum amount of cross bridges can be formed.

52
Q

Whole muscle tension vs muscle length

A

Whole muscle tension is a combination of the active tension from the sarcomere (bell shaped curve) and the passive tension that is developed from muscle stretch (increases at a higher length) to form a combination curve

53
Q

Velocity and force of contraction: eccentric

A

A faster movement generates more force due to the increased passive tension

54
Q

Velocity and force of contraction: concentric

A

A faster movement leads to a lower amount of tension

55
Q

Non-weight bearing muscle size in males vs females and reason why.

A

Males have much larger muscle size due to influence of testosterone

56
Q

Muscle size and age (child to adolescent)

A

Muscle size increases proportional to increase in body size, with a sharper rise in males due to the increased testosterone level.

57
Q

Muscle size and age (older)

A

A decrease in muscle size and amount of fibers begins around the age of 40.

58
Q

What is the pathway of central activation of muscles that are also possible areas of fatigue

A 
Intention to move
Activity of motor cortex, cerebellum
Motor cortex firing
Descending pathway activation
Motor neuron excitation
59
Q

What is the pathway of peripheral activation of muscles that are also possible areas of fatigue

A 
NMJ activity
Excitation of sarcolemma
T-tubules/SR excitation
Ca++ release
Actin myosin crossbridge
60
Q

What is the more common cause of fatigue in an untrained individual? Trained?

A 
Central untrained (psychological) 
Peripheral trained
61
Q

What are three things that can lead to fatigue in a trained individual?

A

Low Ca++ availability
Low ATP
Build up of Pi

62
Q

Is glycolysis a cause of fatigue?

A

Not on its own - high rates of glycolysis and lactate accumulation are associated with fatigue

63
Q

Where is ATP needed in the muscle?

A

ATP needs to bind the myosin head for a power stroke to occur

64
Q

What happens with high rates of ATP hydrolysis

A

Build of of Pi which eventually leads to decreased contractions and more potential for injury because it will bind the Ca++ in the cell, diminishing the reuptake

65
Q

What is DOMS

A

Delayed onset muscle soreness is the muscle soreness that occurs 24-48 hours after resistance training

66
Q

What is the primary cause of DOMS

A

Heavy eccentric contractions is the primary cause

67
Q

What is the mechanism of damage in DOMS

A

Structural damage to lead to inflamm and increased interleukins and then DOMS:
Myosin and actin filaments
SR
Z line streaming

68
Q

What is strength

A

Maximum force a muscle or group can generate

69
Q

What is power

A

Product of strength and speed of movement

70
Q

What is muscular endurance

A

The capacity to sustain repeated muscle action

71
Q

Equation for power

A

weight x distance x time

72
Q

What are the factors of strength, power, and endurance

A

Genetics : fiber type
Physical activity (type of training)
Nutritional status (diet, caloric, protein)
NS activation
Environmental
Endocrine influences (gender differences, growth factor, GH, testosterone)

73
Q

What is transient muscle hypertrophy

A

It is muscular hypertrophy from an acute exercise bout due to an increase in pressure in the tissue, interstitial fluid accumulation that causes muscles to get larger

74
Q

Define fiber hypertrophy

A

an increase in the muscle fiber size

75
Q

Define fiber hyperplasia

A

an increase in muscle fiber numbers

76
Q

Define chronic muscle hypertrophy

A

An increase in muscle size due to hyperplasia or hypertrophy after a long amount of time

77
Q

What is a key part of fiber hypertrophy

A

Higher intensity training

78
Q

What occurs in muscle fiber hyperplasia

A

the fibers will split in half with intense weight training - in avian models, NOT in humans

79
Q

What is the primary form of chronic muscle hypertrophy in humans

A

It is the increase in the muscle fiber SIZE - typically in Type IIX fibers with resistance training

80
Q

What is the early gain in strength due to with resistance training

A

Neural activation

81
Q

What are the neural changes that occur with resistance training

A

Recruitment pattern
Contraction of autogenic inhibitors that allow for greater force production
Reduce coactivation of agonist and antagonist muscles

82
Q

What is Constant resistance training

A

An isotonic form of training where the load and resistance does not change through the ROM and is limited by the weakest point

83
Q

What are examples of constant resistance

A

Free weights, most machines

84
Q

What is variable resistance training

A

An isotonic form of training where the resistance is changed through the ROM so that the muscle can be maximally trained at all points

85
Q

What are examples of variable resistance

A

Resistance bands, cyrex machines

86
Q

What is constant velocity resistance training

A

An isokinetic form of training where the speed of movement is constant and the machine maintains the force produced through variable resistance

87
Q

What is isometric resistance training

A

An isometric form of training where the muscle length is fixed and you simply hold the movement for a period of time

88
Q

What are examples of isometric training

A

Holding a squat, holding a wall press

89
Q

What kinds of resistance training show greater gains?

A

Isotonic and isokinetic are greater than isometric

90
Q

How do you maximize strength training?

A

Low reps, high resistance 1RM-6RM

91
Q

How do you maximize endurance

A

Many reps with low resistance

92
Q

How do you maximize power

A

Several sets of few reps and moderate resistance - Emphasis on SPEED

93
Q

How do you maximize size

A

More than 3 sets of 6RM to 12RM loads - short rest periods

94
Q

How many sets for beginners? is it the same as int or advanced?

A

1 set is the same as 2-3 for beginners. Otherwise 2-3 sets

95
Q

What is periodization

A

Varying phases of training to have variable amounts of reps and intensity to focus on different changes in strength and power

96
Q

What are the stages of periodization

A 
I: hypertrophy
II: strength
III: power
IV: Peaking
Active rest
97
Q

What are key factors in strength training

A

Overload
Progression
Specificity

98
Q

What are the effects of muscular inactivity

A

Muscular atrophy
Decrease in muscle protein synthesis
Rapid strength loss (Type II fivers larger decrease)

99
Q

What are the 6 aspects of specificity ACSM

A

1) muscle actions involved
2) speed of movement
3) ROM
4) muscle groups involved
5) Energy system used
6) Intensity and Volume

100
Q

Action: recommendation ACSM

A

greater force is produced with an eccentric contraction, but a combo of all three should be utilized

101
Q

Loading: recommendation ACSM

A

60-70% RM for 8-12 reps

102
Q

Volume: recommendation ACSM

A

1-3 sets/exercise

103
Q

Type: recommendation ACSM

A

unilateral and bilateral single and multiple joint exercise included with an emphasis on multiple joint exercise to maximize strength

104
Q

Machine type: recommendation ACSM

A

Utilize both machines and free weights - machines stabilize joints better but free weights have more neural input

105
Q

Order of exercise: recommendation ACSM

A

Large muscle groups before small muscle groups (weak). Can do whole body, upper/lower, or muscle groups.

106
Q

Rest periods: recommendation ACSM

A

At least 2-3 min heavy, 1-2 light

107
Q

Velocity: recommendation ACSM

A

Untrained: slow and moderate
Trained: slow and fast

108
Q

Frequency: recommendation ACSM

A

novice: 2-3 d/wk
advanced: up to 4-5 d/wk

109
Q

how to get muscle hypertrophy: recommendation ACSM

A

70-85% RM for 8-12 reps, 1-3 sets

2-3 d/wk novice, 4 int w/upper lower split

110
Q

gains in power: recommendation ACSM

A

vary light to moderate (30-60 % RM) 1- 3 sets, 2-3 d/wk

111
Q

gains in endurance: recommendation ACSM

A

low loads, 10-15 reps or 10-25 reps

112
Q

Gains in performance: recommendation ACSM

A

4-6 d/wk, combo of heavy and light

Heavy and ballistic are key

113
Q

What do you want to have before increasing power?

A

Joint stability and strength and muscle strength

FSU - Exercise Physiology (7 decks)

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