Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FSU - Exercise Physiology > Exam 2 - study guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 - study guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are adaptations to aerobic and anaerobic training in terms of substrate, enzyme activity, oxygen utilization, lactate accumulation?

A

Trained muscles take up and use less glucose during moderate exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

VO2 changes at submax and maximal exercise levels?

A

Improvement in VO2 can occur only if greater than 20-25 minutes steady state exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

metabolic changes: What happens to carbohydrate and fat metabolism at rest and during exercise?

A

The crossover concept states that you get a change of substrate used overall as you increase intensity, and with training, you utilize fat for longer and carbo less – this saves our already limited glycogen stores and uses are full fat stores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does lactate threshold change as a % of VO2 max? What accounts for this change?

A

Higher lactate threshold indicates a greater aerobic adaptation and becomes a higher percent VO@ max because more pyruvate is entering Krebs and ETC instead of accumulating as lactate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does body mass change? fat- and fat-free mass?

A

When you exercise, you lose more of your fat mass than your fat free mass if you also include dieting in your regime.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What effect does genetics have on the amount of improvement in aerobic capacity?

A

Claude Bouchard found a genetic role in aerobic capacity – it decides the extent to which you can improve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are differences in dietary recommendations for active vs. sedentary persons?

A

The main difference in recommendation is that an active person should consume a higher percent of Carbohydrates and drink more water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the glycemic index

A

A measure that compares the elevation in blood glucose caused by the ingestion of 50g of any CHO food w/the elevations caused by 50g of white bread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the potential benefits of a high carbohydrate diet for aerobic exercise? Why might this diet be detrimental for a sedentary person?

A

It helps to keep other glycogen stores from being depleted by having the glucose available to be burned. It could be detrimental for a sedentary person because if there is already enough glycogen stored, it will be converted into fat for storage causing weight gain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What situations are an elevated intake of protein advisable?

A

If you are trying to increase muscle mass or maintain nitrogen levels if you are an endurance athlete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two methods of carbohydrate loading? What is the goal of carbohydrate loading?

A

The goal of carbo loading is to maximize the amount of glycogen in the body so that you can compete better for longer periods of t.
1 – Eat low carb diet few days, with lots of run to deplete glyc stores to make body want to resyn glucose, eat carbo right before and get large stimulus to store even more glycogen
2 – Other is overload: Eat higher proportion of calories as carbohydrates for a little while

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the goals of fluid intake during exercise?

A

• What are the goals of fluid intake during exercise?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is a sports drink advisable?

A

A sports drink is advisable during long duration exercise bouts lasting greater than 2 hours, every 60-90 minutes or so (0.5g/kg carbo diluted to less than 4%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What sorts of meals are advisable for pre-competition meals? What are the goals of this meal?

A

3-6(max) before eat >500-600 of mostly carbo bc fat and protein slow down gastric emptying and cause discomfort while running.
Goal is to increase glucose available without causing an insulin spike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Does the timing of protein intake matter with resistance training?

A

Not with resistance training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Does the timing of protein intake matter with endurance training?

A

Yes - Consume AFTER for ENDURANCE training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are health problems associated with obesity?

A

Increased mortality rate and changes in body functions
Increased risk: CAD, Hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidemia, diabetes
Detrimental effect on existing heart and vascular diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is obesity considered a disease?

A

It increases your risk for diseases and early mortality. Additionally, it causes changes in normal body functions such as respiratory functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the principle behind body densitometry?

A

Body density is fairly uniform in adults so when you get in water, you can measure the amount displaced in order to determine the body density and fat composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Underwater weighing:

A

a method used to measure body composition that is accurate if you know how to subtract the known other masses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Skinfold testing

A

a method used to measure body composition that is accurate within 3-5% and is inexpensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Bioelectrical Impedance (BIA)

A

a method used to measure body composition that is 10-15% accurate and is based on the conductivity of the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is WHR and Circumference

A

a questionable but inexpensive method used to measure body composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Neer Infrared Radiography

A

a method used to measure body composition that measures density of the tissues close to the skin - not super accurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a body pod

A

a method used to measure body composition that measures air displacement to find body fat - very expensive and not very accurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are some imaging techniques used to measure body composition

A 
DEXA
Ultrasound
CT
MRI
PET
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens to adipose cells as someone becomes overweight and obese?

A

Adipose cells grow larger and once large enough they may break apart into two new fat cells. Problem is once you have a new fat cell, you cannot get rid of it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What factors influence whole body metabolism?

A

Genetics, Diet, Age, Weight, Gender
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR): FF body mass (when higher, higher RMR so if u weigh more u burn more)
Thermic Effect of eating: cal needed to consume and digest food
Them effect of phys activity (job or exercise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why might severe caloric restriction inhibit weight loss?

A

If you eat a lot less you also consume a lot less oxygen which in turn causes a decrease in metabolism
Also loss in fat free mass which will decrease your RMR making it more challenging to lose weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the benefit of including exercise in weight loss/weight maintenance plans?

A

Larger fat mass loss when you exercise whereas without exercise you lose the FFM
Increased calories used for E
Increased resting meta rate during recovery
Increased lipid mobilization so more loss fat and gain fat free mass
Control appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the equation for caloric balance?

A

Daily calorie amount: Calories burned (normal metabolism + exercise) – calories eaten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are sensible recommendations for weight loss?

A

Include exercise into your routine and start with a slight caloric restriction of 500-800 calories less per day.
Lose .5-1 pound a week, increase protein content, and utilize exercise

33
Q

What are some reasons why weight loss is difficult?

A

Adherence to a diet can be difficult and even with it your body tends to want to stay at a set point.
If you had more fat cells produced, you are unable to lose these cells and are left with a higher than normal number of adipocytes.
When you diet, you lose less calories to eating.

34
Q

What happens immediately to someone on a caloric restriction diet or low CHO diet to glycogen stores? How does this affect body weight?

A

Often see a loss in muscle mass and a decrease in glycogen stores which can cause fatigue.
When glycogen stores depleted, it will breakdown the muscle to convert it into glycogen to be stored. Also, a lot of glucose holds water so you will see a large decrease in water weight, but not in actual weight

35
Q

What is spot reduction?

A

The idea that if you do a core workout you will lose weight from the abdomen. You will gain more muscle in the area, but it won’t increase fat loss to the area.

36
Q

What is set point theory

A

Once adults establish a body weight, tend to regress back to it no matter what. Dieting

37
Q

What is an ergogenic aid?

A

Steroids or other performance enhancing drugs/supplements

38
Q

What happened to twins given a hypercaloric diet?

A

Twins gain a similar amount as their twin indicating that there is a genetic component.

39
Q

What explains differences in Pima Indian population BMI in Arizona and Mexico?

A

The differences between the Pima Indian pop BMI in AZ and MX is due to lifestyle and diet not due to genetics since they share the same DNA.

40
Q

• factors to consider when reading a study that examines an ergogenic aid?

A

is there are pretest before and after? Placebo control? Random assignment? Double-blinded?
Any conflicts of interest?
Crossover to increase strength?

41
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

When a group or individual still exhibits a strong positive increase similar to that of the drug simply by thinking they have received it

42
Q

What happens to endogenous testosterone with anabolic steroid use? Why?

A

It will start to decrease because the body has more than enough and is sending signals to stop secretion

43
Q

How would androstendione and DHEA have anabolic effects? Is there evidence that they do?

A

There is some evidence that they do have anabolic effects. This is because they are the precursors to testosterone and can therefore increase the level of testosterone in the body.

44
Q

What is the potential ergogenic benefit to creatine monohydrate?

A

Increase in fat free mass, decrease BM and fat.

45
Q

What is the potential ergogenic benefit to BCAA (leucine, isoleucine and valine):

A

Limit protein loss to stop loss of muscle mass and increase the oxidation in muscle

46
Q

What is the potential ergogenic benefit to caffeine and stimulants?

A

Shifts use of primary substrate so that RQ is lower with caffeine, higher FFA in blood so larger amount Fat utilized, sparing of glycogen and prolonged endurance effects

47
Q

What is the potential ergogenic benefit to blood doping and epo?

A

Increase RBC to increase VO2
epo – solution to blood doping that can still improve running t but if you do either of these in excess, blood viscosity will increase too much and cause blood clots

48
Q

What is the potential ergogenic benefit to baking soda?

A

Increase power due to buffering in acid so there is less change in pH so lactate can accumulate more than normal allowing for the increase in power

49
Q

What are the relevant static and dynamic lung volumes to measure during exercise and how do they change?

A

During exercise, VA gets closer to Ve

The matching between blood and air flow to lungs is proportional to Q

50
Q

What is TV

A

amount of air moved/breath (inspiration)

51
Q

What is Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

A

Max inspiration followed by max expiration

52
Q

What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

All of the air in the lungs

53
Q

What is residual Volume (RV)

A

The air left in lungs after all the air is blown out

54
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

additional inspired air above the tidal volume

55
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume

A

Additional expiration below TV

56
Q

What is maximum voluntary ventilation

A

breath in as fast as possible while moving as much air as possible

57
Q

List the sensors that affect pulmonary ventilation

A

Chemoreceptors (thermoreceptors and other)
Proprioceptors
Stretch receptors in lungs
Mechanoreceptors

58
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect (thermo and aortic arch/carotid artery)

A

Thermoreceptors - T changes

Stimulus for changes in Ve

59
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

muscle spindles that change length and stretch of muscles

60
Q

What can stretch receptors in the lung do

A

inhibit respiration rate

61
Q

What do mechanoreceptors do

A

produce an initially large change in Ve

62
Q

How does the medulla influence ventilation?

A

It stimulates contraction of the diaphragm
Dorsal Respiratory Group – primary respiratory center (drives ventilation at rest)
Ventral Respiratory Group – primary expiratory center (not active at rest)

63
Q

How does the pons influence ventilation

A

Pneumotaxic center – primary control to switch off inspiration
Apneustic center: stimulate increase in breathing

64
Q

How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported through the blood?

A

Through hemoglobin and RBCs

O2 –> air –> blood –> tissues –> gas transport

65
Q

What dictates the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood, and the blood and the cell?

A

Changes in partial pressures
Normal O2 dissolved in blood is 3 mL O2 /L of blood
Pressure O2 is 760, partial P O2 is 159

66
Q

Interpret changes in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

At higher PO2s, the saturation of Hb is similar, which is good
Lower PO2s, Hb sat drops a lot lower so the oxygen more readily dissociates from the curve so that we can deliver it to the tissues that need it ie in working muscles

67
Q

What is the a-v O2 difference?

A

It is the difference in O2 content in the arterial and venous blood

68
Q

What influences changes in the a-vO2 difference?

A

PVO2 decreasing as we move from light to heavy exercise shows that more O2 is being consumed by tissues -> this is seen when there is a larger difference in a-vO2
It is changed by more exercise consumption in the tissues

69
Q

What is the relationship between ventilation of the alveoli and perfusion with blood?

A

VA is close to Ve during ex and is proportional to Q
The ventilation of alveoli and perfusion within the blood matches during aerobic exercise which leads to normal oxygenation of the lungs

70
Q

Describe inspiration and expiration during rest

A

Not much change, decrease f and increase TV

71
Q

Describe inspiration and expiration during max exercise

A

Increase Ve, f and TV, increase a-vo2

72
Q

Describe inspiration and expiration during submax exercise

A

decrease Ve, f, increase TV

73
Q

Describe inspiration and expiration during exercise

A

Increase Ve w/increase ex intensity

Larger change in expiration because we lose the pause

74
Q

What happens to TV during exercise

A

Increases

75
Q

What happens to VE during exercise? What causes this change?

A

VE is increased during exercise. This is due to increases in TV and f

76
Q

What is the effect of exercise training on the static and dynamic lung volumes? (rest, submax, and max)

A

est: decrease f, increase TV
Submax: decrease Ve, decrease f, increase TV
Max: increase Ve due to increased exercise capacity, increased f and increased TV, a-vo2 increase

77
Q

How does VE during maximal exercise compare to MVV?

A

MVV is 2-3x greater than the VE even during maximal exercise which shows that the limits of our respiratory system are not reached

78
Q

What is the ventilatory threshold?

A

A similar breaking point as to what is observed with lactate

When an increase in CO2 drives increase in VE above the O2 consumption demand

FSU - Exercise Physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions