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FSU - Exercise Physiology > Exam 3 Review - lectures > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review - lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Equation for Stroke Volume

A

EDV-ESV

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2
Q

Equation for Ejection Fraction

A

SV/EDV

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3
Q

Normal Q

A

5 L/min

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4
Q

What is innervated by the sympathetic system in the heart

A

SA node, AV node, and the myocardium

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5
Q

What does an increase in sympathetic tone do

A

Increase contractility of the heart

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6
Q

How do you change sympathetic and parasympathetic tone

A

Higher brain centers, Chemoreceptors, Muscle Receptors, and Systematic Receptors influence the Medulla - with the vasomotor and cardiac center

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7
Q

Increase in sympathetic tone is caused by

A

Increased T (hypothalamus)
Increased emotional stress (cerebral cortex)
Increased movement (mechanoreceptors)
Increased PCO2, Increased H+, or Decrease PO2 (chemoreceptors)

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8
Q

What happens to SV when you go from laying down to standing up

A

It decreased due to the influence of gravity

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9
Q

What happens to SV when you go from laying down to running

A

Increase in SV

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10
Q

HR vs treadmill speed acute exercise

A

Linear increase in HR until you reach the HR max

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11
Q

What happens to HR, Qmax, and VO2max with age

A

All will decrease

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12
Q

Is HRmax a limit of speed?

A

No, it only limits the CV system

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13
Q

Does SV plateau, and if so, when?

A

Yes at about 40-60% of max intensity

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14
Q

What happens to EDV in acute exercise w/increase intensity and why

A

It increases until about moderate intensity due to an increase in venous return causing greater stretch and therefore a greater contraction. After it plateaus

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15
Q

What happens to ESV in acute exercise w/increase ex intensity and why

A

Not much change to it - If contractility increases it will decrease

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16
Q

What is Qmax

A

The point at which the heart cannot pump more blood

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17
Q

What happens to SBP with low-mod Intensity acute aerobic exercise

A

It increases due to the increase in Q

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18
Q

What happens to DBP with low-mod Intensity acute aerobic exercise

A

It decreases a little or it stays the same due to a reduction in peripheral resistance

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19
Q

What is the simple equation for MAP

A

1/3(SBP-DBP) + DBP

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20
Q

What happens to TPR with low-mod Intensity acute aerobic exercise

A

It will decrease due to vasodilation

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21
Q

What is the Rate Pressure Product (RPP)

A

It is a measure of the workload on the heart - HR x SBP

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22
Q

What happens to RPP with low-mod Intensity acute aerobic exercise

A

It plateaus

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23
Q

What happens to SV, HR, and Q with low-mod Intensity acute aerobic exercise

A

All will increase but are limited by max HR and SV

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24
Q

What is CV drift

A

A heart rate increase even with steady state exercise to try to compensate the decreased SV due to increased sweating - this is exacerbated in a hot environment

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25
Q

How can you limit CV drift

A

Fluid replacement during exercise

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26
Q

What happens to Q during acute maximal aerobic exercise

A

It will increase to a point but will level off - around same point as HR max

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27
Q

Can you keep increasing workload past the max Q

A

Yes it is possible

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28
Q

What happens to HR during acute maximal aerobic exercise

A

It will increase to a point but will level off - around same point as Q max

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29
Q

What occurs with SBP in acute maximal aerobic exercise

A

Increase to a point but stop bc Q will stop increasing

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30
Q

What occurs with DBP in acute maximal aerobic exercise

A

It stays flat because any changes are offset are due to the massive vasodilation that occurs

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31
Q

What occurs with MAP in acute maximal aerobic exercise

A

It increases due to the increase in SBP

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32
Q

What occurs with TPR in acute maximal aerobic exercise

A

It will reduce with an increased workload due to the increased vasodilation of the vessels

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33
Q

What occurs to RPP in acute maximal aerobic exercise

A

It increases and plateaus near the Q max and SBP max

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34
Q

Do HR, VO2, and Q share a common max in acute maximal aerobic exercise

A

Yes - they all increase to around the same point

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35
Q

Q and VO2 in UE vs LE (acute)

A

Q and VO2 are lower in UE than LE due to less muscle mass being utilized

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36
Q

Difference of HR max UE vs LE (acute)

A

It is the same max value for both, it just occurs at a lower VO2 for UE

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37
Q

SV in UE vs LE (acute)

A

SV decreases in UE due to less vasodilation since there is less muscle mass recruited and therefore a higher TPR

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38
Q

MAP in UE vs LE (acute)

A

Q is the same at any given VO2, but TPR lower in LE so lower MAP

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39
Q

RPP UE vs LE (acute)

A

It is higher in UE because of higher TPR in UE so heart has to do more work

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40
Q

What kind of overload do you get with (acute):
A: Aerobic training
B: Resistance training

A

A: Flow overload
B: Pressure overload

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41
Q

(acute) HR and
A: Aerobic Training
B: Resistance training

A

A: Increase a lot more than just static
B: modest increase due to resistance to blood flow (decreased SV due to increased afterload)

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42
Q

(acute) BP and
A: Aerobic Contraction
B: Resistance Contraction

A

A: Some increase - mainly milks muscles to increase flow/venous return
B: Sharp rise in BP due to contracting venous blood flow, therefore increase TPR to increase V and SBP and DBP due to large afterload

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43
Q

(acute) Q and
A: Aerobic Training
B: Resistance training

A

A: higher bc SV and HR increase (increase Q due to increased demand -flow overload: increase venous return to increase EDV)
B: lower due to lower SV

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44
Q

(acute) BP and
A: Aerobic Training
B: Resistance training

A

A: Increase SBP, no change DBP
B: increase SBP and increase DBP (due to TPR) - note: LE > UE

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45
Q

What happens to blood flow when you increase sympathetic tone (acute)

A

Increased SV and Q due to compressing the venous volume so more return to heart

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46
Q

Where is most of the blood at rest

A

On the venous side (64%)

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47
Q

What is the primary determinate of flow

A

Vasomotion

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48
Q

What is sympathetic effect on vessels

A

Vasoconstriction - leads to a change in blood flow

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49
Q 
Relative changes of blood flow during acute exercise
Muscle flow - 
Renal and GI - 
Heart- 
Brain - 
Skin -
A 
Muscle flow - 80-90%
Renal and GI - decrease
Heart- same
Brain - reduced
Skin : increase with intensity to high intensity
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50
Q 
Absolute changes of blood flow during acute exercise
Muscle flow - 
Renal and GI - 
Heart- 
Brain -
A

Muscle flow - large increase towards the working muscle, proportional to muscle mass working
Renal and GI - decrease with intensity
Heart- increase proportional to intensity
Brain - no change (areas in brain and activity changed)

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51
Q

Can you increase O2 consump of working tissue without changing Q?

A

Yes - due to the change in distribution of blood flow to the heart, lungs, and working tissue

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52
Q

What is the Fick equation

A

VO2 = Q x a-vO2 diff

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53
Q

Acute Central changes in Q and a-vO2 to alter VO2 max:

A

Change HR or SV to alter ability to move O2
Change blood volume to increase flow
Change Hb to increase carrying capacity

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54
Q

Acute Peripheral changes in Q and a-vO2 to alter VO2 max:

A

Alter flow to the nonexercising regions to improve a-vO2 diff
Increased amount of capillaries for O2 exchange in the working tissues

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55
Q

Endurance training and VO2 max (chronic)

A

Considerable increase

Q and a-vO2 also increase due to increase SV

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56
Q

What happens to SV relative to VO2 with endurance training (chronic)

A

It will be higher at any given VO2 (due to increase in EDV)

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57
Q

What is the adaptation to EDV with endurance training (chronic)

A

It will be higher at any given workload - even at rest

58
Q

What happens to the Left Ventricular Volume with endurance training (chronic)

A

It will be higher to lead to increased SV

59
Q

What happens to the heart with endurance training (chronic)

A

Increased left ventricular mass and change in the direction of the muscle fibers to allow for higher force of contraction

60
Q

What happens to HR with endurance training (chronic)

A

The HR will be lower at any given workload, even at rest

61
Q

Normal values of components of Q at rest pre training adaptations

A

HR: 70bpm
SV: 70 ml/min
Q: 4.9 L

62
Q

Normal values of components of Q at rest post training adaptations

A

HR: 54 bpm
SV: 90ml/min
Q: 4.9ml/min

63
Q

Is HR max different post endurance training?

A

It is the same value it just occurs at a higher workload due to the overall decrease in HR at any given time

64
Q

What happens to Q with endurance training at rest, during submax, and max (chronic)

A

Rest: unchanged
Submax: unchaged
Max: higher due to increased SV max

65
Q

What is the Karvonen Method

A

Calculate HRR and find training sensitive zone

66
Q

Karvonen Method Equation

A

0.6(MHR - RHR) + RHR

67
Q

Does it take longer or shorter for HR to return to baseline post training (chronic) and the caloric significance (EPOC)

A

It takes a shorter amount of time, lowering EPOC and post-exercise calories consumed

68
Q

What is a normal a-vO2 dif at max

A

5 ml O2/dL

69
Q

What happens to the a-vO2 diff with endurance training (chronic)

A

It will be improved due to a reduction in venous O2 content (due to better O2 consumption by vasodilation and constrict to properly direct flow of blood)

70
Q

What happens to BV with endurance training - chronic

A

Increase due to increased water retention and increased plasma volume

71
Q

Chronic adaptations to CV at rest with resistance training

A

No change: Q, VO2 max, HR (ex and rest)

Some increase: LV mass

72
Q

What are the central factors that can change VO2 max

A

Q, HR, SV

73
Q

What are the peripheral factors to increase VO2 max

A 
Increased BV, plasma, RBCs
Increased a-vO2 diff
Increased flow to working muscles
Increased capillarity (working muscles)
Increased myoglobin and enzymes
74
Q

What events are actually easier to do good in at a high altitude and why (acute)

A

Power events due to less air resistance from the decreased pressure

75
Q

What are some of the cognitive effects of increased altitude (acute)

A

Slow and slurred speech, decreased reaction time, decreased light sensitivity, decreased visual acuity

76
Q

Does O2% of air decrease with high altitude?

A

No - it is the PO2 that decreases, not the % O2 of the air

77
Q

What happens to the a-vO2 diff with increased altitude (acute)

A

It is decreased to almost no difference at all causing very marginal ability of gas diffusion

78
Q

As you increase in altitude, does blood become more acidic or alkalotic? Why? (acute)

A

It becomes more alkalotic due to blowing off more CO2 as a result to the increase of O2 as the driver of respiration

79
Q

What occurs to PCO2 with increases in altitude

A

It decreases

80
Q

Where is the “sudden death” height

A

2000m

81
Q

What are the acute changes to VO2 max with increasing altitude

A

VO2 max declines considerably past 2000m due to the decrease in PO2

82
Q

Acute change to Ve with increased altitude

A

Increased due to increased frequency of breaths

83
Q

Acute change in oxy hemoglobin curve with increased altitude

A

The curve will shift to the left due to the lower PO2 and loss of CO2

84
Q

Chronic change in oxy hemoglobin curve with increased altitude

A

Curve shifts back to the right due to renal compensation to lose HCO3

85
Q

What happens to Ve with increased altitude (chronic)

A

Increase Ve

86
Q

What happens to blood volume with altitude acclimatization

A

It will eventually increase back to normal values

87
Q

What happens to heart rate with altitude acclimatization

A

It will decrease towards normal/sea level because the stroke volume will return to normal levels

88
Q 
What happens to these values with increasing altitude (initial):
VO2 max
Submax VO2
HR rest & submax
Ve
BV
PCO2
PaO2
A 
VO2 max: ↓
Submax VO2: ↑
HR rest & submax: ↑
Ve: ↑
BV: ↓
PCO2: ↓
PaO2: ↓
89
Q 
What happens to these values with increasing altitude (adapted):
VO2 max
Submax VO2
HR rest & submax
Ve
BV
PCO2
PaO2
A 
VO2 max: ↑ (due to higher BV)
Submax VO2: ↓
HR rest & submax: ↓ (due to higher BV)
Ve: ↓
BV: ↑
PCO2: ↑
PaO2: ↑
90
Q

What happens when you return to sea level after altitude acclimitization?

A

Changes are reversed w/in two weeks -

BC gradual come back to normal thru loss in urine

91
Q

Altitude vs Blood Doping - benefits

A

With altitude you can legally accomplish the increase in Hct in a legal manner - just has to be timed out properly

92
Q

List the factors that go into thermal balance

A 
Radiative
Conductive
Convective
Evaporative
Metabolic
93
Q

Equation for thermal balance

A

M ± R ± C ± K - E = 0

94
Q

What accounts for 80% of heat loss during exercise

A

Evaporation through sweat

95
Q

Where does sweat come from

A

the extracellular fluid - interstitial and plasma V

96
Q

What happens to VO2 as sweating increases? Why?

A

Vo2 will decrease -

Plasma V decrease, SV decrease, Q decrease, VO2 decrease

97
Q

What are the main ways we lose heat

A

Evaporative and convective

98
Q

What are the main ways we gain heat

A

Metabolism
Radiative
Conductive

99
Q

Where in the brain do we control temperature

A

In the hypothalamus - we can adjust our set point

100
Q

How do we adjust thermoregulation

A

Change blood flow to skin and veins
Increase output to sweat glands
Change behaviour to influence the kinds of clothes that we wear

101
Q

Do adjustments in set points always work?

A

No - once you get over about 40 C heat stroke can become possible

102
Q

Core T vs WBCT

A

The higher the intensity of exercise at any given environmental T, the higher the core temperature will be. Max exercise limited quicker at higher environmental Ts

103
Q

What can the sweat rate increase to at high intensities or temperatures? Why is this significant

A

1.5 - 2L

Significant because it is a large decrease in plasma volume so fluid replacement is important

104
Q

What happens to SV with acute exercise in heat

A

It will decrease due to more blood volume going to cutaneous blood flow

105
Q

What will happen to HR with acute exercise in heat

A

It will increase due to the decreased SV

106
Q

What happens to VO2 with acute exercise in heat? Why is this important

A

It gets higher faster leading to faster glycogen depletion and higher lactate levels so time to failure is sooner

107
Q

What occurs to RPP and TPR during acute exercise in heat

A

TPR will decrease due to the vasodilation of the skin so RPP will also decrease

108
Q

How long does it take to acclimate to the heat? At what intensity?

A

About 2 weeks for all of the adaptations to occur

Moderate to high Intensity required, otherwise the timeline stretches out

109
Q

What happens to sweat rate with heat acclimatization

A

Sweat more at lower T causing less blood to flow to the skin so it can stay with the working muscles

110
Q 
What happens to x with heat acclimatization:
BV
SV
HR
RPE
A

BV: not decrease as much
SV: increased (compared to initial heat exposure)
HR: lower (not as low as normal conditions)
RPE: lower (can do more exercise)

111
Q

Which substrate do we use more of after heat acclimatization?

A

We use more fat so we get less lactate accumulation and less glycogen depletion

112
Q

What happens to core body T with heat acclimatization?

A

It is lower at all durations and intensities of exercise than before acclimatization

113
Q

What happens to time to fatigue in 4-11 C weather

A

It is improved - able to work for longer time due to improved VO2 max

114
Q

What is the ideal T range for aerobic exercise

A

35-50 F

115
Q

Describe the ways the body tries to conserve heat

A

Shivering - muscle contractions to generate heat
Nonshivering thermogenesis- brown adipose tissue (small amount)
Peripheral vasoconstriction: reduce blood flow to skin

116
Q

What are the factors that affect heat loss

A

Body size and composition (obese = more insulation and ability to maintain heat)
Air T & Wind Chill : Conductive & Convective heat loss
Water immersion: much easier to lose heat and therefore t to survival is lower

117
Q

Short term cold exercise responses

A

Muscle weakening and faster fatigue
Increased water loss (from respiration)
Increase HR
Greater carbohydrate mobilization and less FA transport

118
Q

Can we acclimate to the cold?

A

Partially but the response is different in each person and none of the changes are life saving

119
Q

What is cold habituation

A

A type of acclimatization to the cold that is blunted shivering and less cutaneous vasoconstriction

120
Q

What is metabolic acclimation

A

A type of acclimatization to the cold that is an enhanced ability to shiver

121
Q

What is insulative acclimation

A

A type of acclimatization to the cold that is enhanced vasoconstriction and improved muscular blood flow

122
Q

t of survival in water immersion and cold acclimation

A

15-20 minutes if 32-40 F, lethal after one hour no matter if acclimated or not

123
Q

In the HH, HL, and LL groups, what happened to plasma volume

A

There was no significant difference

124
Q

In the HH, HL, and LL groups, what happened to BV

A

It decreased in LL but no other differences

125
Q

In the HH, HL, and LL groups, what happened to Hct and Red cell mass

A

Increased HL and HH

126
Q

In the HH, HL, and LL groups, what happened to performance

A

faster in HL and HH

127
Q

In the HH, HL, and LL groups, what happened to VO2 max

A

HH and HL improved due to the altitude exposure

128
Q

In the HH, HL, and LL groups, what happened to change in steady state VO2 (ventilatory threshold VO2)

A

Increased most in HL group leading to an increased ability to work out at a higher intensity

129
Q

In the HH, HL, and LL groups, what happened to 5k performance time

A

LL decreased making HL and HH appear to increase more than they actually did

130
Q

What are the main takeaways of the detraining paper study starting in 1966

A

Living a sedentary lifestyle (/3 weeks of extreme bed rest) is worse for your body than aging 30 years
Regardless of age, aerobic exercise will improve CV function

131
Q

What is the overall ACSM recommendation?

A

> 30 min moderate/day for >5days/week or >20 min vigorous/day >3 days/week or mix of moderate/vigorous for E expenditure of >500-1000 MET/week

132
Q

General process for ACSM recommendation

A 
Committee of experts
Inclusion/exclusion criteria
Data Review
Group breakdown to research
External Review
Edit & add data that was missed
Approval
133
Q

What is the focus of the ACSM recommendation

A

CV and metabolic health - to decrease risk of heart disease, diabetes, etc.

134
Q

Recommendations for frequency

A

> 5 days/week mod or 3 days vigorous or combo 3-5days

135
Q

What happens to risk of heart disease as we increase walking intensity

A

It is decreased

136
Q

Time recommendation

A

30-60 minutes of moderate, or 20-60 minutes of vigorous

137
Q

Can exercise be split into bouts and still meet the daily needs?

A

Yes - you can accumulate your exercise periods

138
Q

Can steps be used to fulfill the time recommendation for exercise?

A

It can be used as a rough estimate for exercise volume. >7000 steps a day is the goal, and if intensity if up, it is helpful.

139
Q

What is the Intensity recommendation for exercise? How is it calculated?

A

Moderate to vigorous intensity

Karvonven method: 30-39 light, 40-60 moderate, vigorous 60-90

140
Q

What was found with BMI or age and intensity?

A

No matter the BMI or age, exercising at higher intensities will show CV improvements

141
Q

What has been found regarding sitting time and heart health?

A

In a sedentary population, standing instead of sitting will show improvements in heart health. If you already exercise mod-vig daily, then there is no change in heart health.

142
Q

What is the recommendation for exercise type?

A

Any sort of aerobic exercise that you will consistently do each day is a good recommendation.

FSU - Exercise Physiology (7 decks)

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