Exam 2 test questions Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT a training adaptation that occurs in fat metabolism as the result of aerobic training?
A: increased fat storage adjacent to the mitochondria
B: increased mobilization or release of free fatty acids from the adipose tissue
C: decreased levels of plasma free fatty acids
D: increased capacity to utilize fat at an given plasma concentration
C: decreased levels of plasma free fatty acids
The increased reliance on fat as a fuel as a result of aerobic training is called:
glycogen sparing effect
Endurance training results in lower lactate levels at a given submaximal workload due to:
A: shift in the isoform of LDH in skeletal muscle
B: increased glycogen storage in muscle
C: decreased reliance on CHO
D: reduced lactate oxidation in cardiac muscle
C: decreased reliance on CHO
Which of the following is not an adaptation that occurs as the result of appropriate specific training?
A: submax VO2 is greater at the same relative workload prior to training
B: enzyme levels change
C: lactic acid levels decrease during submax work
D: fuel utilization shifts in favor of fat
A: submax VO2 is greater at the same relative workload prior to training
Aerobic training produces which of the following adaptations? (select all that apply)
A: increased creatine kinase activity
B: increased lactic acid clearance
C: increased beta oxidation
D: increased citrate synthase activity
B: increased lactic acid clearance
C: increased beta oxidation
D: increased citrate synthase activity
Anaerobic training produces which of the following adaptations? (select all that apply)
A: increased LDH activity
B: increased lactate production
C: increased glycogen storage
D: increased fat storage
A: increased LDH activity
B: increased lactate production
C: increased glycogen storage
Is caffeine ergogenic? If so what does it do to improve performance?
Yes. It improves calcium release increasing force of contraction and it spares glycogen by stimulating the breakdown of lipids.
A high protein diet is necessary:
A: for maintaining a positive nitrogen balance in resistance trained individuals
B: when athletes reduce workloads to prevent muscle atrophy
C: for maintaining positive nitrogen balance in aerobically trained individuals
A: for maintaining a positive nitrogen balance in resistance trained individuals
C: for maintaining positive nitrogen balance in aerobically trained individuals
Is baking soda ergogenic? If so, what does it do to improve performance?
Yes, increases acid buffering
Creatine supplementation increases muscle power by increasing:
ATP production
Are amphetamines ergogenic? If so, what does it do to improve performance?
No
Prior to an endurance event, one should consume:
A: a high fat meal 5 hours prior to the event
B: 50 g of protein 30 minutes prior to the event
C: 50-100 g of carbohydrate 10 minutes prior
D: 50-100 g of carbohydrate 2-5 hours prior to the event
D: 50-100 g of carbohydrate 2-5 hours prior to the event
Which of the following is the normal daily requirement of protein and the recommendation for an athlete involved in weight training?
A: 0.6g/kg/day; 0.8=1.1g/kg/day
B: 1.2g/kg/day; 1.2-2g/kg/day
C: 0.8g/kg/day; 2.5-3.3g/kg/day
D: 0.8g/kg/day; 1.2-2g/kg/day
D: 0.8g/kg/day; 1.2-2g/kg/day
When a runner hits the wall, this means that (s)he:
has exhausted his/her muscle glycogen supply and must utilize fatty acids as the major fuel.
The set point theory posits that:
weight changes are compensated by changes in metabolism to maintain body weight
Spot reduction by exercising a specific anatomical location: (select all that apply)
A: can increase muscle tone, which can give a slimming appearance, but fat is not preferentially burned at that site.
B: is based on the fact that local changes in phosphates, CO2, and lactate stimulate local adipose to mobilize
C: is effective in selectively removing fat stores
A: can increase muscle tone, which can give a slimming appearance, but fat is not preferentially burned at that site.
If an individual elects to lose weight by caloric restriction alone: (select all that apply)
A: restricting water intake while dieting causes a higher proportion of water, not a lower proportion, to be lost.
B: during the first several days the majority of the weight loss is water.
C: thermic effect of eating will increase
D: both body fat and fat free mass will be lost
A: restricting water intake while dieting causes a higher proportion of water, not a lower proportion, to be lost.
B: during the first several days the majority of the weight loss is water.
D: both body fat and fat free mass will be lost
The health risks associated with obesity include, but are not necessarily limited to:
A: osteoporosis
B: hypertension
C: Diabetes mellitus, especially if adult onset
D: cardiovascular disease, especially for those possessing the android obese pattern.
B: hypertension
D: cardiovascular disease, especially for those possessing the android obese pattern.
The Archimedes principle states:
that a submerged object experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight or the volume of fluid displaced by the object
n determining body density/percent body fat:
A: bioelectrical impedance, total body water is actually measured from the flow of an electrical current, but the accuracy is no better than for skinfolds.
B: the accuracy of skinfold prediction is approximately 3-5% when compared to underwater weighing.
C: hydrostatic (underwater) weighing is considered the gold standard measure
A: bioelectrical impedance, total body water is actually measured from the flow of an electrical current, but the accuracy is no better than for skinfolds.
B: the accuracy of skinfold prediction is approximately 3-5% when compared to underwater weighing.
C: hydrostatic (underwater) weighing is considered the gold standard measure
An excess of caloric intake would produce which of the following? A: increased HDL cholesterol B: increased LDL cholesterol C: decreased HDL cholesterol D: decreased LDL cholesterol
B: increased LDL cholesterol
_____-type obesity is characterized by increased fat deposition in the hips and thighs.
Gynoid
The breaks in linearity of VE with incremental exercise to max are most accurately labeled:
ventilatory thresholds
Increases in VE near maximal exercise are primarily due to increased :
TV
The static lung volume, which is most responsive during exercise, is:
TV
Oxygenation of the arterial blood during exercise is _–__ compared to rest
unchanged
Oxygenation of the venous blood during exercise is _–__ compared to rest
It is decreased compared to rest
Which is a training adaptation in the respiratory system?
A: a reduction in PaO2 utilization and PaCO2 production during endurance activities
B: an increase in resting VE
C: an increase in strength and endurance of respiratory muscles, i.e., the diaphragm
D: an increase in VE during submax exercise
C: an increase in strength and endurance of respiratory muscles, i.e., the diaphragm
During heavy exercise, ventilation may be stimulated by:(select all that apply)
A: increased CO2
B: decreased pH
C: higher brain centers
D: increased O2
A: increased CO2
B: decreased pH
C: higher brain centers
At the onset of exercise, increased VE occurs primarily from increased:
TV
Describe the effect of exercise on ventilation. What happens at the onset of exercise to increase VE? Where is control of ventilation located and what factors cause changes in this control during exercise?
At the onset of exercise, there is an increase in the tidal volume that starts to increase the minute ventilation (Ve).
The control of ventilation is located in the pons and the medulla. In the medulla, there is the dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group that are responsible for controlling inspiration and expiration accordingly. In the pons, there is the pneumotaxtic center to control the switching off of inspiration and the apnuestic center as the primary stimulus for breathing.
During exercise, stimuli from the changes in the blood O2 and CO2 levels can alter the rate of breathing, overall body temperature can increase the rate of breathing, and proprioceptors such as those in the muscles can tell the brain that work is being done and the tissue needs more oxygen.
A friend of yours exercises regularly and asks you what they should have to eat or drink before and during exercise. They state that they eat an energy bar that is a mix of CHO and PRO about 10 minutes before they start, and have a 200 mL soda (10% w/v fructose) during the last 20 minutes of their 30 minute moderate intensity aerobic workout. Is this an optimal diet for an exercise bout of this intensity and duration? What recommendations would you give them and why?
his is not an optimal diet for an exercise bout of this intensity and duration. First of all, consuming the soda with fructose is not a good idea for any athlete. Even if my friend was exercising for long enough to need a replenishment with soda, which they are not because it should only be for long intensity forms of exercise, fructose would not be the ideal source of carbohydrates, but rather glucose alone or a mixture of glucose and fructose. Secondly, the consumption of the granola bar ten minutes prior to the start of exercise is going to start the body on trying to reduce the amount of glucose in the body right away through the secretion of insulin. This is not ideal because you want the glucose to be available for utilization during exercise. Third, the consumption of protein and of fructose can cause stomach problems and indigestion which are not things you would want to occur during exercise.
I would recommend to my friend to eat the granola bar after the workout rather than before so that it can help to replenish the glycogen stores. I would also recommend eating a carbohydrate meal a few hours before exercise rather than ten minutes before, or drink a sports drink right before the exercise bout. But, at the duration and intensity of the workout, this really is not necessary.
In light of budget cuts at the university I’ve decided to make some money on the side by selling a supplement I developed containing a secret blend of herbs and spices that I believe can increase aerobic power. To prove the efficacy of my supplement I conducted a study that had 2 of my friends (one an inexperienced runner and the other runs 40 miles/week) do a submaximal treadmill run 3 times a week for 8 weeks while taking the supplement. At the end of the study the average VO2 max and mitochondrial enzyme content was elevated compared to the beginning.
(a) Based on this information do you think that I can conclude that my supplement increases aerobic power?
(b) How could I design this study that would prove more effective?
I do not think that you can conclude that your supplement increases aerobic power. First of all, the study size was only two with one participant in the trained and one in the untrained group. It is not safe to assume that each individual represents the entire population of trained and untrained runners. Second, there is a conflict of interest considering that they are both your friends.
b) To improve this study, you could increase the test group size. Then you could randomize which participants are in a control placebo group and which are in the supplement group. Then, to improve the results even more, you could switch the two groups so that those that were initially in the placebo group are also evaluated in the supplement group. For both situations, it is important to conduct both a pre and post test to properly evaluate the efficiency of this.
In Claude Bouchard’s work with twins, what were the findings of a hypercaloric diet (+500 kcal/day) in different sets of twins? Likewise, what differences have been observed in the Pima Indian populations of Arizona compared to Mexico? What does this evidence indicate about the role of genetics in obesity?
Claude Bouchard found that twins that ate a hypercaloric diet all experienced an increase in weight gain, but the amount of weight each twin gained was very close to that of their twin. Some sets of twins gained a lot more than others, but in each case, one twins weight gain closely resembled the other. This shows that there is a genetic aspect to how much weight you gain from a hypercaloric diet.
In both the Arizona and Mexico population, the Pima Indians are at a higher risk of being obese and having the associated comorbidities of it. But they found that the Pima Indians in Arizona weighed significantly more than those in Mexico even though their genetic information was the same. This has to do with the difference in lifestyle that is observed between the Arizonian and Mexican Pima Indians.
These two situations show us that genetics does play a determination in how likely you are to become obese. But it also shows that even in genetically similar situations, the extent of your weight gain can be controlled and modified by lifestyle as well.
Calculate the VA and the VE given the following values:
RV = 1.2 L TV = 2.0 L
IRV = 2.5 L FVC = 4.6 L
respiratory rate = 22 breaths/min
dead space volume = 150 ml
Ve = TV * f = 2.0 L / breath * 22 breaths/min = 44 L/min
Va= (TV-Dead space) * breaths/min = 1.85 L/breath * 22 breaths/min = 40.7 L/min
What is the equation for Ve
TV x f
What is the equation for Va
(TV - dead space) x f
What is the anatomical dead space
150mL of air that is not used in gas exchange
