Exam 4: Lecture 27 - Exotic Animal Anesthesia Flashcards
1
Q
T/F: rabbits have an increase anesthesic risk compared to dogs and cats
A
true
2
Q
minimize fasting of rabbits prior to sx no more than ________
A
1 hour
3
Q
what is the best way to restrain a rabbit
A
support the rump and tuck head under your arm or make a “bunny burrito”
4
Q
do rabbits have a high or low metabolic rate and rapid elimination of drugs
A
high metabolic rate and metabolism
5
Q
T/F: we should always premed rabbits
A
truuuuuuuuuuuuuueee
6
Q
what drug should we NOT use alone for rabbit premedications
A
ketamine
7
Q
what drugs can we use for pre-med for rabbits
A
ketamine with a benoz, acepromazine, or alpha-2 agonist
8
Q
what inhalants are used for maintenance of rabbit anesthesia
A
isoflurane or sevoflurane
9
Q
what 2 things should we monitor very closely with rabbit anesthesia
A
hypothermia and hypoglycemia
10
Q
T/F: we MUST pre-oxygenate rabbits prior to anesthesia
A
true. it is VERY important to
11
Q
what size ET tube should we use for rabbits
A
2-4mm murphy
12
Q
how do we intubate rabbits
A
keep head and neck extended to prevent obstruction, spray lidocaine on larynx first
13
Q
what is different about bird anatomy and physiology that can make anesthesia more complicated
A
- the respiratory system has a separate ventilator and gas exchange compartments
- complete tracheal rings which can collapse during restraint
- no diaphragm so inspiration and expiration is active
- pneumatized bones
14
Q
T/F: apnea in birds breathing room air must be treated immediately
A
big true!
15
Q
what is the varying HR for avian species
A
150-1000bpm
16
Q
when catecholamines are released during stress and pain, what can happen
A
arrhythmias
17
Q
do birds have a renal portal system
A
yes they do but the clinical significance is debated
18
Q
T/F: hypoglycemia does not need to be corrected before anesthesia
A
false, it does
19
Q
how long can we fast medium-sized psittacines
A
2-4 hours
20
Q
how long should we fast birds less than 200g
A
WE SHOULD NOT FAST
21
Q
what is the best way to restrain a bird
A
by using a towel
22
Q
what is a good way to prevent hypothermia in birds
A
warm fluids at 10ml/kg/hr
23
Q
where can we place an IVC in birds
A
ulnar, medial metatarsal, jugular veins
24
Q
where are the IO sites in birds
A
distal ulna or proximal tibiotarsus
25
what is the most effective way to minimize hypothermia in birds
forced air warmers
26
how can we prevent apnea and bradycardia during mask inductions in waterfowls
premed with benzo
27
how long should we pre-oxygenate birds before induction
5 mins before induction
28
T/F: we should avoid midazolam in macaws and cockatoos
true!!
29
what drugs may have adverse effects in birds and we should use great caution
alpha-2 agonists
30
what should we combine ketamine with for birds
benzodiazepines
31
T/F: propofol has a narrow margin of safety in pigeons and chickens
true
32
can we use iso or sevo in birds
yes but it is more likely to cause apnea compared to mammals
33
T/F: lidocaine toxicity occurs at higher dosages than in dogs
false, it is toxic at LOWER doses
34
T/F: NSAIDs and opioids are commonly used in birds
true
35
what should we do to monitor birds during anesthesia
1. monitor trends of vital signs
2. palpate pulse.doppler placement
3. place ECG leads close to body, se needle or suture to attach leads
4. indirect BP - cuff around thigh or distal humerus
5. ETCO2 is useful
6. absence of palpebral and corneal reflex = excessive depth
7. extubate when jaw tone returns
36
T/F: in birds, SpO2 is useful for monitoring anesthesia
false, ETCO2 is useful. SpO2 is not validated
37
what is uncommon and common in white-tailed and mule deer
ruminal tympany is uncommon but hypoxemia is common
38
what can occur in north american elk
ruminant tympany and hyperthermia can occur
39
what are bison prone to
bloat, hypoxemia, regurg
40
T/F: caribou are difficult to immobilize so higher drug doses are required
true!
41
what is special about pronghorn antelope
extremely difficult to immobilize so there are high drug requirements and hyperthermia is common
42
what is exertional myopathy (capture myopathy)
life threatening syndrome caused by a combination of sympathetic exhaustion from sustained stress and intense muscular exertion
43
T/F: exertional myopathy is easy to treat so prevention is not that important
false, it is difficult to treat to prevention is KEY
44
how long should captured wild animals not be handled or stressed
at least 6 weeks
45
what should we do is the mortality rate of exertional myopathy is >2% during chemical immobilization
we should re-eval the anesthetic protocol
46
what environmental factors can increase incidence of extertional myopathy
temp, humidity, rain, difficult terrain
47
what is acute death syndrome (capture shock syndrome)
weak and depressed, remains recumbent after reversal and shock/death within 3-4 hrs
48
what is delayed peracute death syndrome
appears to be in good condition after capture but if stressed again then ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest
49
what is ataxic myoglobinuric syndrome
ataxia, brownish urine, usually die within hours or days after capture due to kidney failure following myoglobin-mediated tubular destruction
50
what is ruptures muscle syndrome
with 1-2 days post capture animal is unable to support weight on hind limbs. hocks are usually hyperflexed, increased CK, LDH, SGOT and animal usually dies within 3-4 weeks
51
what are the ultra-potent opioid drugs
carfentenil, etorphine, thiapentanil, diprenorphine (M50-50)
52
what is carfentenil
8000x more potent that morphine, causes muscle rigidity when used alone, usually used with another sedative, long duration of action
53
what is etorphine
2.5x less potent than carfentenil. Can be used alone or with a sedative. very effective in ungulates, rhinos, and elephants...can last up to 7-8 hrs
54
what is thiapentanil
6000x more potent than morphine, more rapid onset and briefer duration of action than carfentenil
55
what is diprenorphine (M50-50)
antagonist used to reverse etorphine but has agonist properties as well.....so over dose may cause continued immobilization
56
what is important about zebras and anesthesia
respiratory depression and hyperthermia are common.... skin is very thin so lightweight darts with low impact energy should be used to avoid penetration wounds
57
what drugs should be avoided in zebras and what can we use instread
carfentanil should be avoided due to side effects
a combo of etorphine + detomidine + butorphanol
58
what is important to remember about giraffes and anesthesia
1. increased anesthetic risk...BP must be maintained in normal range to supply blood to the brain!
2. head and neck must be controlled at all times
3. want a short induction and recovery
4. intubation is difficult and they are prone to hypoxemia...also must be fasted for 24 hrs
59
what is important to remember about black rhinos compared to white rhinos
black rhinos are less sensitive to respiratory depression following etorphine than white rhinos
60
Rhinos are prone to the same anesthetic risk as ______
horses
61
what must we consider with rhinos and anesthesia
1. very thick skin
2. extremely dangerous but their horns can be easily traumatized
3. passive and active regurg occurs so NPO 12-48 hrs, no water for 12 hrs
4. if body temp >41 degrees celsius then reverse anesthesia
62
what is the body weight of a savannah elephant
4000-6500kg
63
T/F: we should consider social and repro behaviors of elephants for our anesthetic plan
true
64
Elephants have __1__ eyesight but __2__ hearing and smell
1. poor eyesight
2. excellent hearing and smell
65
what is the drug of choice and preferred darting sites of elephants
etorphine
hind leg, back, shoulder
66
how do we avoid respiratory depression and hypoxemia in elephants
they should be intubated and placed in lateral recumbency and avoid obstruction to breathing through the trunk
67
what causes pink foam syndrome in elephants
may be due to hypertension from opioids or stress from capture
68
what felid species has the most anesthetic complications
tigers
69
what drug may cause sudden death and in controversial to use in tigers
telazol
70
how long should felids be fasted
12-24 hours
71
T/F: in general smaller felids require higher drug dosages per kg of body weight
true!!
72
what do most anesthetic protocols for felids contain
ketamine + alpha-2 agonist +/- opioid combo
73
when should we extubate felids
when ears or eye movement occurs instead of swallowing
74
what is important to remember about brown bears and weight for anesthesia
in autumn, the body weight increases up to 40% but in winter we should decrease the doses due to hypometabolic state
75
what should we remember about the polar bear and anesthesia
1. substantial body fat deposits throughout the yr
2. shoulder and neck are best sites for drug delivery
3. hypometabolic state in summer so decreased drug doses
4. hypoxemia is common
5. position carefully to avoid compartment syndrome
76
T/F: black bears are easily excitable so higher doses of telazol are needed
false, they are more placid in nature
77
______ based combinations are unreliable in brown and polar bears
ketamine based
78
T/F: it is important to use a blindfold for bears
true!
79
what drug produces the most reliable anesthesia in bears
telazol
80
what are 2 common complications of anesthesia in bears
hyperthermia and acidosis
81
what is important about fish and anesthesia
1. no lungs but do respire and require O2 so adequate O2 levels in water is critical
2. gils are designed to have water flow cranial to caudal so anesthesia should be delivered in same direction
3. anesthetic agents can dissolve in water so it is safe and simple for fish
82
how do we plan an anesthetic case for fish
1. obtain base line behavior parameters
2. fast for 12-24 hrs
3. prepare induction, maintenance, and recover water containers
4. prevent drying of skin, fins, and eyes
83
what are extra considerations for fish and anesthesia
1. extrapolating dosages to all species can be harmful
2. lower temp can lead to prolonged induction and recovery
3. marine species less tolerant of hypoxic conditions than fresh water
4. failure to perfuse gills = suffocation
84
what is the MOST important thing to remember about fish
failure to perfuse gills will lead to suffocation
85
what is the most common fish anesthetic and what can it be used for other than anestheisa
MS-222
can be used for sedation, surgical anesthesia, or euth
86
what can we use for koi and trout
clove oil (eugenol) but has a narrow margin of safety
87
what inhalant can be bubbled into water for fish
vaporized iso but it takes longer
88
what are 7 important things for reptile anesthesia
1. maintain body temp
2. squamates and chelonians have an anatomically 3 chambered heart but functions as a 5 chamber
3. HR varies inversely with temp and body size
4. no true diaphragm
5. BG levels are generally lower
6. fasting is recommended prior to anesthesia
7. recovery can take a long time (up to hours)
89
what are the 2 most important concepts about ventilation in reptiles
1. reptile may convert to anaerobic metabolism if they are not spontaneous breathing or are being ventilated by IPPV
2. low oxygen levels stimulate breathing
90
what is important to know about reptiles specifically squamates
1. lizard heart is between forelimbs and snakes are 20-25% of body length from head
2. left lung is vestigial in snakes and vascular lung provides SA for gas exchange
3. all lizards bite
4. IV access is difficult in snakes
91
what are the 8 important things about chelonians
1. dorsal surface of lung is attached to carapace and ventral surface is joined to connective tissue
2. shell is included in BW when calculating drug dosages and IM injection is in forelimbs
3. capable of delivering a serious bite
4. keep patient at POTZ
5. air moves through nares so open nose breathing is BAAAAD
6. short trachea with completely tracheal rings
7. ETCO2 not as accurate due to cardiac sinus
8. ventilation assisted
92
what are the 3 important things about crocodilians
1. careful planning to restrain patient is needed since they can roll, bite, whip tail
2. heart is located in cranial 1/3 of coelomic cavity
3. both hear chambers completely divided so a foramen connects both aortic arches
