Exam 4 - Depression/Bipolar (Watts/Butterfield/Ott) Flashcards
3 major types of depression
reactive (60%)
MDD (major depressive disorder) (25%)
Bipolar Affective (15%)
Clinical Features of Depression:
Physiological Signs? (Main physiological signs)
Decreased sleep
Appetite Changes
Fatigue
Psychomotor dysfunctions
Clinical Features of Depression:
Physiological Signs? (“Other” physiological signs…)
Menstrual irregularities Palpitations Constipation Headaches Nonspecific Body aches
Clinical Features of Depression:
Psychological Signs?
Dysphoric mood
Worthlessness
excessive guilt
loss of interest/pleasure in all or most activities
Clinical Features of Depression:
Cognitive Signs?
Decrease concentration
suicidal ideation
Drug Induced Depression:
4 main classes of drugs that can cause this?
Anti-HTN and Cardiovascular drugs
Sedative-hypnotics
Anti-inflammatory and analgesics
Steroids
(also Miscellaneous drugs…!!)
Drug Induced Depression:
what drugs in the Antihypertensive and cardiovascular classes can cause this
reserpine methyldopa propranolol metoprolol prazosin clonidine digitalis
Drug Induced Depression:
what drugs in the sedative-hypnotics classes can cause this
alcohol
BZDs
barbituates
meprobamate
Drug Induced Depression:
what drugs in the Anti-inflammatory/Analgesic classes can cause this
indomethacin
phenylbutazone
opiates
pentazocine
Drug Induced Depression: what drugs in the steroid drug class can cause this
corticosteroids
oral contraceptives
estrogen withdrawal
Drug Induced Depression:
what Miscellaneous drug classes can cause this
anti-parkinsons
anti-neoplatics
neuroleptics
what are the 3 different hypothesises of depression
Biogenic amine
Neuroendocrine
Neurotrophic
Biogenic Amine Hypothesis of Depression:
overall idea behind it?
reserpine causes depression by depleting NE and 5HT from vesicles
Biogenic Amine Hypothesis of Depression:
________ causes depression by depleting ____ and _____
reserpine; NE; 5HT
Biogenic Amine Hypothesis of Depression:
Agents that increase _______ and ______ are effective for treating depression
5HT; NE
Biogenic Amine Hypothesis of Depression:
Genetic polymorphisms are seen in ________
SERT promoter
Biogenic Amine Hypothesis of Depression:
Alterations in that receptors are seen?
5HT1A or 5HT2C
and
alpha 2 receptors (aka NE receptors!)
Neuroendocrine Hypothesis of Depression:
overall idea of it?
changes in HPA Axis happen which leads to desensitized feedback response and leads to increased CRF
Neuroendocrine Hypothesis of Depression:
Changes are seen in the __________
HPA Axis
(hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis
Neuroendocrine Hypothesis of Depression:
stress causes hypothalamus to release _____
CRF
Neuroendocrine Hypothesis of Depression:
CRF will promote release of _____ from ____
ACTH; from pituitary
Neuroendocrine Hypothesis of Depression:
ACTH promotes release of ______ from _____
cortisol; from adrenal
Neuroendocrine Hypothesis of Depression:
Almost all patients with depression have overactivity of ______ and elevated ______
HPA; CRF
Neuroendocrine Hypothesis of Depression:
Overactivity of HPA may ___________ response in hypothalamus and pituitary
desensitize feedback
Neuroendocrine Hypothesis of Depression:
Overactivity of HPA may desensitize feedback response in ____________
hypothalamus and pituitary
Neuroendocrine Hypothesis of Depression:
Elevated CRF causes what things?
insomnia
anxiety
decrease appetite and libido
Neuroendocrine Hypothesis of Depression:
_______ CRF causes insomnia, anxiety, and decrease appetite and libido
elevated
Neuroendocrine Hypothesis of Depression:
antidepressants and ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) will (increase or decrease) CRF levels
decrease!!
Neurotrophic Hypothesis of Depression:
overall point?
BDNF can have antidepressant activity;
BDNF = brain derived neurotrophic activity
Neurotrophic Hypothesis of Depression:
BDNF stands for what?
brain derived neurotrohpic factor?
Neurotrophic Hypothesis of Depression:
BDNF is critical in what 3 things?
neural plasticity
resilience
neurogenesis
Neurotrophic Hypothesis of Depression:
Stress and pain (increase or decrease) BDNF in animals
decrease
Neurotrophic Hypothesis of Depression:
Depressed patients have reduced _____ levels
BDNF
Neurotrophic Hypothesis of Depression:
Antidepressants increase ______ levels and may increase _______
increase BDNF levels; increase hippocampal volume
Integrating Hypothesis of Depression:
______ and _______ regulate BDNF levels
HPA and steroid abnormalities
Integrating Hypothesis of Depression:
___________ receptors are activated by cortisol during stress (which ______ BDNF)
hippocampal gluccorticoid;
decrease BDNF
Integrating Hypothesis of Depression:
Chronic activation of monoamine receptors increase ________
BDNF signaling
Integrating Hypothesis of Depression:
chronic activation of of monoamine receptors leads to down regulation of _______
HPA axis
Main Classes of Antidepressants?
MAOIs TCAs SSRIs SNRIs 5-HT2 antagonists
why does antidepressant therapy take 2 - 3 weeks?
neuroadaptive responses
MOA of MAOIs?
inhibit break down of NE and 5HT = more NE and 5HT is released from vesicles into synapses
what drugs are are non-selective MAO inhibitors
Phenelzine
Tranylcypromine
what drug is MAO B selective
Selegiline
what drug is MAO A selective
Moclobemide
are MAOIs reversible or irreversible?
irreversible
(thus when switching agents must have some time from stopping MAOI and starting another drug because it may cause hella side effects)
Severe Side Effects of MAO Inhibitors
HA drowsiness dry mouth weight gain orthostatic hypotension sexual dysfunction
MAO-I has interactions with what Rx drugs?
TCAs
SSRIs
L-DOPA
MAOIs should be avoided with that foods?
tyramine rich (aka cheeses, sour cream, sausage, red wine/beer/ale, miso soup, avocados, bananas and a million other foods...)
MAOIs have interactions with what OTC meds?
Cold preparations
Diet pills
MAOIs can lead to a _______ crisis
hypertensive
what are the two subgroups of TCAs
tertiary amine
and
secondary amine
indications for TCAs?
depression
panic disorder
chronic pain
enuresis
TCAs:
pts are more likely to commit self harm or suicide ________ into treatment
2 weeks
TCAs:
Toxicity risk — extremely _________ pts more likely to be suicidal
dangerous/depressed
Tertiary Amines - TCAs:
they inhibit both _____ and ____ reuptake via ___ and ____
NE and 5HT;
via NET and SERT
Tertiary Amines - TCAs:
major side effects?
sedation
autonomic side effects
weight gain
Tertiary Amines - TCAs:
also act as antagonists to what?
they are antihistamines
anitmuscarinic
antiadrenergic
what are the tertiary amine TCAs?
Imipramine Amitriptyline Trimipramine Clomipramine Doxepin
Secondary Amines - TCAs:
inhibit _______ but not _____ like tertiary amine TCAs do
inhibit NET
not SERT
(*remember secondary has an N in it…)
what are the secondary amine TCAs?
desipramine
nortriptyline
protriptyline
maprolitine
TCAs:
secondary or tertiary amines have worst side effect profiles?
tertiary amines
is it TCA (tertiary or secondary), SSRI, or SNRI?
imipramine
tertiary
is it TCA (tertiary or secondary), SSRI, or SNRI?
Desipramine
secondary
is it TCA (tertiary or secondary), SSRI, or SNRI?
Amitriptyline
tertiary
is it TCA (tertiary or secondary), SSRI, or SNRI?
doxepin
tertiary