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A&P 1 > Exam 4 Chps. 9 & 10 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Chps. 9 & 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • produce skeletal movement
  • maintain body posture and position
  • support soft tissues (stomach area)
  • guard entrances and exits
  • maintain body temperature
  • provide nutrient reserves
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2
Q

Name the 4 parts that make up skeletal muscle

A
  • skeletal muscle fibers
  • connective tissues that harness contraction forces
  • blood vessels that nourish muscle fibers
  • nerves that control contractions
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3
Q

Starting from the outside and working in, how are muscles organized? What are the sheaths that surround each ‘section’? What is the difference between a tendon and an aponeurosis? *10/16 slide 7

A

muscle (epimysium) > muscle fascicle (perimysium) > muscle fibers-cell (endomysium) > myofibrils (bundles of proteins) > myofilaments (actin and myosin)

  • tendon: bundle or rope of collagen fibers that merge, attach muscle to specific bone
  • aponeurosis: sheet of collagen fibers that merge, attach muscle to a broad area of bone(s)
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4
Q

Very generally, how do muscles form (4 steps)?

A

1- Myoblasts fuse, forming multinucleate cells
2- These cells develop into skeletal muscle fibers
3- Unfused myoblasts can remain in endomysium as myosatellite cells
4- Myosatellite cells aid in muscle repair by fusing with damaged muscle fiber

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5
Q

What are the plasma membrane and cytoplasm called in muscle cells?

A

-plasma membrane: sarcolemma
-cytoplasm: sarcoplasm
(sarco = flesh)

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6
Q

Where do myofibrils fit in the organization of muscle? What are they? What are they composed of?

A

4th from outside in

Myofibrils = bundles of proteins made up of myofilaments (actin & myosin)

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7
Q

What is a sarcomere? Name the different parts of a sarcomere, know how they are related and their functions (if we talked about it). * 10/16 slide 9

A
  • sarcomere: myofilaments with repeating functional units, from Z line to Z line
  • parts
    • A band: part of sarcomere made of thick filaments, H band + M line
    • I band: part of sarcomere made of thin filaments
    • Z line: joining area of two sarcomeres
    • M line: middle of sarcomere (M line-middle-myosin)
    • H band: comes off M line but is only myosin
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8
Q

What is required before a muscle can even begin to contract (or ‘think’ about contracting)?

A

Muscles will not contract unless a nerve tells them to

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9
Q

What are the phases muscle tissue will experience before/during/after a contraction?

A
  • latent phase: stimulation
  • contraction phase: rising tension
  • relaxation phase: dropping tension
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10
Q

Name the two things muscle tension depends on. What are the 4 types of muscle tension and how they are different?

A

-amount of tension produced by each muscle fiber
-total number of muscle fibers stimulated
4 types tension:
-treppe (increase max tension each time contraction happens
-wave summation (stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase ends
-incomplete tetanus (rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation near peak tension
-complete tetanus (higher stimulation frequency eliminates the relaxation phase

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11
Q

What is the relationship called between skeletal muscle and motor neurons (i.e. what is it called when they are together?)? What is asynchronous motor unit summation? How does it help muscles?

A
  • motor unit: neuron + all the muscle fibers it controls
  • asynchronous motor unit summation: relay activation during sustained contractions (fibers rest, recover, contract in a repeating pattern) (adding motor units not together)
    • starting and stopping motor units overlapping but not at the same time, helps keep consistent muscle contractions
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12
Q

What are the 2 major types of muscle contraction classification?

A
  • isotonic contraction: tension rises and the muscle length changes
  • isometric contraction: muscle length does not change
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13
Q

Generally understand muscle fatigue. What happens in the muscle? What oxygen levels look like? How the liver is involved?

A

-if running, oxygen levels get low in muscle, mitochondria are gone without O2, glycolysis still happens though so pyruvate has no where to go, gets converted to lactic acid: build up of acid in muscle cells, eventually goes to bloodstream, then to the liver, the liver takes it and turns it back to pyruvate, sugar, and glucose and sends it back in bloodstream to the muscle cells = cori cycle

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14
Q

What are the three types of muscle fibers?

A
  • fast
  • intermediate
  • slow
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15
Q

*process of muscle contractions

A
  1. Action potential (basically an electrical impulse) moves down the nerve until it reaches the neuromuscular junction.
  2. At the neuromuscular junction, the vesicles in the neuron release acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter-or a chemical that the nervous system uses to communicate with other parts of the body) into the synaptic cleft (through exocytosis!).
  3. The acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate (on the muscle), making the muscle sarcolemma (plasma membrane) more permeable to Na+ ions.
  4. The flood of Na+ into the muscle cell carries the action potential into the muscle, where it follows the T-tubules.
  5. The T-tubules eventually make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum. When the action potential moves through the T-tubules into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca+ ions into the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) of the muscle cell.
  6. The Ca+ ions bind to troponin on the myofilament actin. The troponin then pulls on the tropomyosin, which causes actin to change shape and expose its active sites.
  7. The other myofilament, myosin, can then form cross-bridges with the active sites on the actin.
  8. When ATP binds to myosin, it breaks the bond between myosin and actin. The reduction of ATP to ADP (triphosphate versus diphosphate) reactivates the myosin head and allows it to bind to actin again (further down the line).
  9. MUSCLE CONTRACTION!
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16
Q

How does fascicle organization impact muscles? What are the 4 categories of fascicle organization?

A

-fascicle organization influences power and ROM

4 categories: parallel, convergent, pennate, circular/sphi

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17
Q

What are the three lever types found in the human body? Know general examples of each?

A
  • first-class: fulcrum in middle (atlas in neck)
  • second-class: load in middle (elbow)
  • third-class: applied force in middle, most common type (ball of foot)
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18
Q

Where a muscle ‘begins’ (or is fixed) is called? Where it ends (or moves) is called? What are the muscle working groups?

A
  • begins (or is fixed): origin
  • ends (or moves): insertion
  • muscle working groups: agonist, synergist, antagonist
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19
Q

There are two broad categories of muscle organization. What are they, what do they do, and what percentage of total body muscle does each contain?

A
  • axial and appendicular
  • axial: support and position head, spinal column, and rib cage (60% of skeletal muscles)
  • appendicular: support, move, and brace limbs (40% skeletal muscles)
20
Q

What are the four groups of axial muscles?

A
  • head/neck
  • vertebral column
  • trunk
  • pelvic floor
21
Q

Where do facial muscles originate? What do they move? Why are they important?

A
  • originate on the surface of the skull
  • facial skin movement happens when contraction occurs
  • important for eating, expression, communication
22
Q

Know the superficial and deep facial muscles given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are.

A

Slide 18 on 10/25 PP

23
Q

Know the extrinsic eye muscles given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are.

A

Slide 20 on 10/25 PP

24
Q

Know the mastication (chewing) muscles given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are.

A

Slide 23 on 10/25 PP

25
Q

Know the tongue/neck muscles given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are

A

Slide 26 on 10/25 PP

26
Q

How are vertebral muscles arranged? Where do they attach?

A

-arranged in several layers, attach at the ribs and vertebral processes

27
Q

Know the vertebral muscles given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are.

A

slide 5 on 10/27 PP

28
Q

Know the abdominal muscles given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are

A

Slide 11 on 10/27 PP

29
Q

Know the muscles of the pelvic floor given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are

A

Slide 14 on 10/27

30
Q

What are the general functions of the appendicular muscles?

A
  • stabilize, position, and/or support limbs

- grouped by actions and origins

31
Q

How are muscles of the trunk different than other appendicular muscles?

A
  • control gross motor movements of the limbs

- muscles are large and powerful

32
Q

Know the muscles of the trunk given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are.

A

Slide 8 10/30

33
Q

Know the muscles of the pectoral girdle given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are

A

Slide 14 on 10/30

34
Q

Know the muscles of the arm given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are.

A

Slide 19 on 10/30

35
Q

Know the muscles of the forearms given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are

A

Slide 21 on 10/30

36
Q

Know the muscles of the hands/fingers and intrinsic hand muscles given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are.

A

Slide 25/26 on 10/30

37
Q

Muscles that move the thigh originate where? What are the 4 major thigh muscle groups? Know the muscles in each and their general function(s).

A
  • originate in pelvic region and typically insert on the femur
    • gluteal group
    • lateral rotator group
    • adductor group
    • illiopsoas group
  • *muscles
38
Q

Muscles that move the leg originate where? Know the muscles that move the leg given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are

A
  • originate on the pelvis and femur

* *muscles

39
Q

Muscles that move the foot/toes originate where? Know the muscles that move the foot/toes given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are

A
  • originate of the tibia and fibula

* *muscles

40
Q

Intrinsic foot muscles originate where? Know the muscles that move the foot/toes (intrinsically) given in lecture/on the table and what their general function(s) are

A
  • originate on the tarsal and metatarsal bones and associated tendons and ligaments
  • *muscles
41
Q

How are limb muscles organized? Why are compartments important?

A
  • organized into compartments
  • important because limb trauma can lead to bleeding within a compartment
    • elevates pressure, compresses blood vessels and nerves
    • if pressure is not released within 2-4 hours, muscle death will occur
42
Q

Know the compartments discussed in lecture and the major muscles associated with each.

A

….

43
Q

What is the ‘sliding filament theory’? Why does it matter?

A
  • muscle fiber contraction slides thin filaments across thick filaments
    • H and I bands get smaller
    • zones of overlap get larger
    • Z lines move closer together
    • A band width remains the same
  • matters because it explains how a muscle contracts
44
Q

Know the general parts of actin and myosin-Differences? Similarities?

A
  • actin: thin filaments (2 types of protein that bind to it & looks like a rope
  • myosin: thick filaments (has a tail and a head
45
Q

Where do muscles and neurons meet? What are the specific parts of each and their functions?

A
  • neuromuscular junction
  • muscles:
  • neurons:
  • A band: part of sarcomere made of thick filaments, H band + M line
  • I band: part of sarcomere made of thin filaments
46
Q

There are 3 major ways energy is generated for muscle contractions. What are they? And what are the requirements needed for each one to be used?

A
  • glycolysis: makes the most ATP
  • aerobic metabolism
  • creatine phosphate

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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