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A&P 1 > Exam 3 Chapters 6,7,8 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Chapters 6,7,8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major sections of the skeleton? How many bones in each?

A
  • axial 80 bones

- appendicular 126

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2
Q

What is the function of the skeleton?

A
  • support: for entire body weight, framework for attachments
  • mineral storage: Ca salts are a mineral reserve, most abundant mineral in the body
  • blood cell production: RBC, WBC, and platelets
  • protection: ribs, skull, vertebrae, pelvis all surround delicate tissues and organs
  • leverage: function as levers to move muscle groups
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3
Q

How are bones classified? How many broad categories are there?

A
  • shape
  • structure
  • display surface features
  • 6 broad categories
    • flat bones
    • sutural bones
    • long bones
    • irregular bones
    • sesamoid bones
    • short bones
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4
Q

Be familiar with the surface features that are circled in red (Slide 8).

A

Skull
-canal/meatus (large passageway through substance of a bone
-process (projection or bump
-sinus (chamber within a bone normally filled with air
-foramen (small, rounded passageway where vessels or nerves penetrate the bone
-fissure (elongated cleft or gap
Femur
-trochanter (large, rough projection
-neck (narrow connection between head of bone and diaphysis of bone
-facet (small, flat articular surface

Pelvis
-crest (prominent ridge
-fossa (shallow depression or recess in surface of bone
-line (low ridge, more delicate than a crest
-spine (pointed or narrow process
-ramus (extension of bone that makes an angle with rest of structure
Humerus
-head (expanded proximal end of bone that forms part of the joint
-tubercle (small, rounded projection
-sulcus (deep, narrow groove
-tuberosity (small, rough projection that may occupy broad area of bone surface
-diaphysis (shaft, is elongated body of long bone
-trochlea (smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
-condyle (smooth, rounded articular process

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5
Q

Know the difference between epiphysis, metaphysis, and diaphysis; where the medullary cavity is and what it does.

A
  • epiphysis (end of bones, mostly spongy
  • metaphysis (connects epiphysis to shaft
  • diaphysis (shaft, walls are compact bone
  • medullary cavity (bone marrow in the hollow portion of the shaft (blood production
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6
Q

What are the primary arteries/veins and foramen found in bones? What is the articular cartilage on the outside? What is the outer covering of bone?

A
  • metaphyscal artery (carry blood to metaphysis and cpiphysis
  • nutrient artery (carry blood to the entire bone
  • nutrient foramen (hole that allows nutrient artery / vein access
  • articular cartilage (covers epiphysis that comes into contact with other bones; avascular (hyaline cartilage)
  • periosteum (covering of bone, extensive blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, sensory nerves
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7
Q

What are the 4 bone cell types? What do they do?

A
  • osteoprogenitors (stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts; important in fracture repair
  • osteoblasts (bone forming cells; become osteocytes once surrounded by bone matrix
  • osteocytes (mature bone cells; maintain protein & mineral structure of matrix
  • osteoclasts (secrete acids & enzymes to release stored minerals; important for Ca & phosphate homeostasis
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8
Q

What are the basic functional units of compact bone and spongy bone? How are they different?

A
  • compact (basic functional unit: osteon = single direction stress
  • spongy (basic functional unit: trabeculae = multiple direction stress
  • difference: compact has 2 parts to functional unit (central canal, concentric lamellae) and spongy has an open network, nutrients received through diffusion
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9
Q

How do bones grow?

A
  • appositional growth
    • osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts
    • add bone matrix to bone surface
    • trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
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10
Q

What are the two ways born is formed? Which is stronger?

A
  • 2 methods
    • endochondral (most bones) (replacement of hyaline cartilage by bone
    • intramembranous (skull, mandible, clavicle) (replacement of fibrous connective tissue by bone
  • intramembranous is stronger
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11
Q

What element is bone primarily composed of? What percentage of Calcium and Phosphorus comes from bone? What other elements come from bone?

A
  • calcium 39% composition of bone
  • 99% of phosphorus and calcium are stored in bones
  • other elements include: potassium, sodium, magnesium, carbonate
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12
Q

How is Calcium regulated in the body? What two hormones are responsible? How do they act on the intestinal tract/kidneys/bone?

A
  • calcium regulation: monitored calcium levels in our blood
  • 3 ways its regulated: osteoclasts, kidneys, digestion
  • low levels: parathyroid hormone released from thyroid
  • low: digestive & osteoclasts increase activity, kidney function decreases
  • high levels: calcitonin hormone released from thyroid
    • high: digestive & osteoclasts decrease activity, kidneys increase
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13
Q

Generally, how do bones repair themselves? What are the categories of fractures? What are the common fracture types?

A
  • injury fills up with blood, hematoma (internal scab) is formed, spongy bone moves in and lays itself down to stabilize area, then it turns into compact bone - external callus can be seen (bump on surface of bone where excess bone cells were laid down)
  • categories
  • closed/simple (completely internal
  • open/compound (puncture through the skin
  • 9 common types (see pictures 9/27 slide 28)
  • transverse
  • spiral
  • displaced/nondisplaced
  • compression
  • greenstick
  • comminuted
  • epiphyseal
  • pott
  • colles
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14
Q

What does the axial skeleton form? What are its functions?

A
  • forms longitudinal axis of body

- functions: framework and support for brain, spinal cord, ventral body cavity organs

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15
Q

How many bones? What parts are included in the axial skeleton?

A
  • 80 bones

- includes: skull, thoracic cage, vertebral column, supplemental cartilages

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16
Q

What are the primary functions of the skull? How are skull bones connected?

A
  • protect/support openings to digestive and respiratory tracts
  • provide muscle attachments that control facial expressions and food manipulation
  • connected by sutures: bones attached through dense fibrous connective tissue (except for mandible)
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17
Q

Be familiar with the bones on Slides 7-13, 20 (from the first Chapter 7 ppt).

A

…..

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18
Q

What are the auditory ossicles? Where are they located? What do they do?

A
  • petrous part of the temporal bone
  • in inner middle ear
  • move vibrations from outside to inside
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19
Q

What is the name for the ‘soft spot’ on infant skulls? What is it formed by?

A
  • fontanelle

- formed by fibrous connective tissue

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20
Q

What are the primary functions of the vertebral column? How many bones make up the vertebral column? What are the 5 main divisions of the vertebral column?

A
  • supports head, neck, and trunk
  • protects spinal cord
  • transfers body weight to the appendicular skeleton
  • helps maintain upright body position
  • 26 bones
  • cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
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21
Q

Spinal curves accommodate organs and help balance. There are 4 curves. What are they and how are they different?

A
  • thoracic curve (makes room for thoracic organs
  • sacral curve (makes room for the abdominopelvic organs
  • cervical curve (balances weight of the head on the neck
  • lumbar curve (balances weight of trunk over lower limbs, assist with standing
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22
Q

What 3 parts do each vertebra have? What 4 parts make up the vertebral arch?

A
  • articular processes
  • vertebral arch (spinous process, laminae, transverse process, pedicles)
  • vertebral body
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23
Q

Intervertebral discs are made of what? Where are they located? What are the areas between the pedicles called? What do they do? Where does the spinal cord pass through?

A
  • intervertebral disc: made of fibrous cartilage
  • located in between vertebral bodies
  • areas between pedicles: intervertebral foramina, area for nerves and blood vessels
  • spinal cord passes through vertebral canal
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24
Q

There are 7 cervical vertebrae. How are they different than other vertebrae? What are the names for C1 and C2? Where is the vertebra prominens and what is its function?

A
  • different than other vertebrae: has 3 holes (transverse foramen), others have 1 hole which is vertebral foramen
  • C1: atlas
  • C2: axis (dens)
  • vertebra prominens is last cervical vertebrae (C7), allows ligament attachment to maintain cervical curve
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25
Q

There are 12 thoracic vertebrae. Where do they articulate? How are they different than other vertebrae?

A
  • articulate with ribs
  • different from others: very pronounced downward facing spinous process (side view), look like giraffe with long nose, 2 ears on side, 2 giraffe horns that stick up
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26
Q

There are 5 lumbar vertebrae? Why are they largest?

A

-largest because they hold the most weight

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27
Q

What is the function(s) of the sacrum? Be familiar with the sacrum parts- 10/2 14 How does the coccyx attach to the sacrum?

A
  • sacrum protects reproductive, digestive, and urinary organs
  • attaches axial skeleton to appendicular skeleton through pelvic girdle
  • parts
  • base- L5 sits here
  • sacral foramina- spinous processes fused together but would be intervertebral foramina if they weren’t fused
  • median sacral crest- fused spinal processes
  • sacral canal- tail ends of spinal nerves coming from spinal cord
  • auricular surface- attach hip bones on
  • coccyx attaches
28
Q

What makes up the rib cage? How many bones fuse to form the sternum?

A
  • thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum

- 1-10 attach to the sternum directly or indirectly through costal cartilage

29
Q

How many pairs of ribs do humans have? Which ones attach to the sternum? Which only attach at the vertebral column? Know the parts of the rib that are in red 10/2 slide 17

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs, 24 total ribs with 12 on each side
  • 1-10 attach to sternum directly or indirectly
  • 11 and 12 are floating ribs (only attach at vertebral column)
30
Q

How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton? What body areas are included? What are the functions of the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • 126 bones
  • pectoral girdle
  • upper limbs
  • pelvic girdle
  • lower limbs
  • functions: forms appendages and attachment points of body
31
Q

What is the pectoral girdle made of? What does it do?

A
  • made of clavicles and scapulae

- connects arms to axial skeleton

32
Q

Be familiar with parts of the scapula.

A

-10/4 slide 4

33
Q

What are the 4 parts of the upper limb?

A
  • arm (shoulder to elbow)
  • forearm
  • wrist
  • hand
34
Q

Know the parts of the humerus and what they do.

A

-10-12 on 10/4

35
Q

What two bones make up the forearm? Know the parts of the ulna and radius and their functions.

A
  • ulna and radius

- slides 13-15

36
Q

What are the 8 bones in the wrist? Be familiar with their general placement.

A
  • scaphoid, lunate, pisiform, triquetrum

- trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

37
Q

What is the anatomical term for the thumb? How many metacarpels are there? What three bones make up a finger (phalange)?

A
  • pollex
  • 5 metacarpals
  • finger bones: proximal, middle, distal
38
Q

What is the pelvic girdle? What is its main function?

A
  • made of paired hip bones (hip bones formed by 3 fused bones)
  • connects axial and appendicular skeletons
39
Q

Know the parts of the pelvis. What is the name of the joint where the sacrum and pelvis meet?

A

- sacro-illiac joint

40
Q

How is a female pelvis different than a male pelvis?

A
  • large pelvic outlet (bottom)
  • broader pelvic angle
  • less curvature of sacrum/coccyx
  • wider, more circular pelvic inlet
  • broad pelvis
  • laterally spread ilia
41
Q

What are the 5 parts of a lower limb?

A
  • thigh
  • kneecap
  • leg
  • ankle
  • foot
42
Q

Know the parts of the femur and what they do.

A

………

43
Q

What is the patella?

A

kneecap

44
Q

What two bones make up the leg? Know the parts of the tibia and fibula and their functions.

A
  • tibia **

- fibula **

45
Q

What are the 5 major bones of the ankle? Be familiar with their general placement. Where does the Achilles tendon attach?

A
  • calcaneus
  • talus
  • navicular
  • cuboid
  • cuneiform bones
  • achilles tendon attaches at calcaneus
46
Q

What is the anatomical term for the big toe? How many metatarsals are there? What three bones make up a toe (phalange)?

A
  • hallux
  • 5 metatarsals
  • proximal, middle, distal phalanges
47
Q

What is an articulation? What do joints have to balance?

A
  • articulation= joint (where two bones meet

- reflects compromise between strength and ROM

48
Q

What are the 3 articulation functional groups? How are they different?

A
  • synarthrosis (no movement
  • amphiarthrosis (little movement
  • diarthrosis (full movement
49
Q

Know the different types of joints in the functional groups.

A
  • synarthrosis
    • suture
    • gomphosis
    • synchondrosis
    • synostosis
  • amphiarthrosis
    • sydesmosis
    • symphysis
  • diarthrosis
    • synovial
50
Q

How are synovial joints different than other joints? What are the functions of synovial fluid?

A
  • bones do not come into contact with each other, separated by cartilage and synovial fluid
  • fluid
    • provides lubrication
    • cushions shock
    • prevents abrasion
    • supports chondrocytes of articular cartilage/nutrient distribution
51
Q

What are the 3 general parts of a synovial joint? What are the main accessory structures and their functions?

A
  • bone, carilage, fluid

- 10/9 slide 9

52
Q

What happens when a joint is forced out of position?

A
  • can damage articular cartilages
  • tear ligaments
  • distort joint capsule
53
Q

Know the 6 types of synovial joints and examples of each.

A
  • gliding (intercarpal bones
  • hinge (elbow
  • pivot (atlas & axis
  • ellipsoid (radiocarpal
  • saddle (thumb
  • ball-and-socket (hip
54
Q

What are the 4 basic types of joint movement? How are they different? Know the specific types of each basic group.

A
  • flexion and extension
  • abduction and adduction
  • rotation
  • special movements
55
Q

What are the major differences between joints in the axial and appendicular skeleton?

A
  • axial: strong, little movement (skull)

- appendicular: weaker, extensive movement

56
Q

What are some examples of joints in each group?

A
  • axial: skull, between vertebrae

- appendicular: shoulder, hip

57
Q

Name and describe the two major parts of the intervertebral disc.

A
  • intervertebral discs: pads of fibrous cartilage
  • anulus fibrosus: tough, outer layer of fibrous cartilage that attaches to the vertebral bodies
  • nucleus pulposus: soft, elastic, gelatinous core that gives resiliency and shock absorbency
58
Q

Know the names and functions/locations of the 5 major vertebral ligaments 10/11 s7.

A
  • ligamentum flavum: connects the laminae
  • posterior longitudinal ligament: connects posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies
  • interspinous ligament: connects spinous processes (in between)
  • supraspinous ligament: interconnects tips of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum (sits on ends & runs all the way down)
  • anterior longitudinal ligament: connects anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies
59
Q

What are the 2 disc injuries and 2 bone injuries that can affect the vertebral joints?

A
  • slipped disc: anulus fibrosis forced into vertebral canal
  • herniated disc: nucleus pulposus forced through anulus fibrous into vertebral canal
  • osteopenia: reduced ossification that leads to thinner, weaker bones through reduced osteoblast activity
  • osteoporosis: reduced ossification that compromises normal function
60
Q

The shoulder joint is a diarthrosis joint. What is its range of motion? What are the 5 major ligaments 10/11 s10 associated with the joint and where are they located? What is the function of the glenoid labrum and where is it found?

A
  • greatest ROM, most prone to injury
  • coracoclavicular (2) attached to clavicle and coricoid process
  • acromioclavicular –clavicle and acromion
  • coraco-acromial –coricoid process and acromion
  • coracohumeral – coricoid and humerus
  • glenohumeral – glenoid cavity to humerus (articular capsule)
  • glenoid labrum: lip on either side of glenoid cavity that makes it a little deeper to help stablize joint
61
Q

The hip joint is a diarthrosis joint. What are the 5 major ligaments associated with the joint and where are they located? What is the function of the acetabular labrum and where is it found?

A
  • acetabular labrum
  • ligamentum teres
  • pubofemoral ligament
  • iliofemoral ligament
  • ischiofemoral ligament
  • acetabular labrum: extends depth of acetabulum to deepen socket, outer edge of socket joint (acetabulum)
62
Q

What are the 3 reasons the elbow joint is so stable? What joint type is it?
What are the 3 major ligaments associated with the elbow joint and where do they connect?

A
  • bony surfaces of humerus and ulna interlock
  • single, thick articular capsule surrounds humero-ulnar and proximal radio-ulnar joints
  • articular capsule is reinforced by strong ligaments
  • elbow is a complex hinge joint
  • annular ligament: binds head of radius to head of ulna
  • radial collateral ligament: stabilizes lateral surface
  • ulnar collateral ligament: stabilizes medial surface
63
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint? What are the 3 separate articulations that compose it?

A
  • hinge joint
  • medial to medial condyle
  • lateral to lateral condyle
  • patella to patellar surface of femur
64
Q

What are the 5 major ligaments associated with the knee joint? What are their functions/locations?

A
  • patellar (attaches to tibular tuberocity
  • fibular collateral
  • tibial collateral
  • anterior cruciate
  • posterior cruciate
65
Q

How is arthritis/osteoarthritis different than rheumatism? What methods can doctors use to diagnose arthritis?

A
  • rheumatism: pain and stiffness that affects musclar/skeletal systems
  • arthritis: affects synovial joints through damage of articular cartilage
  • osteoarthritis: cumulative effects of wear and tear
  • MRI, scope

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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