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A&P 1 > Exam 2 Chps. 4 & 5 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Chps. 4 & 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues formed from?

A

multiple cells put together: faster the functions happen with more power and energy

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2
Q

What is the study of tissues called?

A

histology

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3
Q

Name the 4 general tissue types and their functions

A
  • epithelial (covers and lines body, forms glands
  • connective (fills spaces, provides support, stores & transports
  • muscle (specialized for contraction, includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
  • neural (carries info in form of electrical impulses
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4
Q

Epithelial tissue is divided into 2 basic categories. What are they? And how are they different?

A
  • 2 categories
    • epithelia
    • glands themselves
  • different because…..
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5
Q

What are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  • physical protection: prevents dehydration and destruction
  • control permeability: every subs. that enters or leaves the body passes through epithelium
  • sensation: some epithelium have sensory nerve endings attached to them
  • secretion: through gland cells
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6
Q

What is the role of the basal lamina?

A

-bottom of cell, anchors tissue down, only thing coming in/out is new cells pushing up to replace old ones (think of it as a concrete floor)

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7
Q

How is epithelial tissue classified? What are the 3 major shapes and 2 arrangements?

A
  • classified based on shape and arrangement
  • 3 major shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar (4th - transitional)
  • 2 arrangements: simple (one layer) and stratified (multiple cell layers)
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8
Q

Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels. What does that mean for the tissue?

A

-blood vessels in underlying tissues nourish the entire epithelium (usually a connective tissue)

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9
Q

Know the difference between an occluding junction, gap junction, desmosome, and hemidesmosome.

A
  • occluding junction: proteins bind together (weakest connection)
  • gap junction: gap in the plasma membrane- goes through one membrane & neighboring membrane for transportation (allow easy communication between cells, anchoring)
  • desmosome: proteins interlock together making one level, increased complexity and strength, helps to anchor cells together (proteins & cellular cement to hold together)
  • hemidesmosome: anchors tissue to basal lamina (like rebar in foundation for a house)
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10
Q

Squamous epithelial tissue—Know the difference between simple and stratified, where they are found, and their major functions.

A
  • simple: thin layer single cells, most delicate, absorption & diffusion, needed for a little lubrication (kidneys, inside eye)
  • stratified: multiple layers of cells, protection against stresses (topmost skin layer, inside of mouth, throat)
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11
Q

Cuboidal epithelial tissue—Know the difference between simple and stratified, where they are found, and their major functions.

A
  • simple: one layer of cells, secretion and absorption (thyroid gland, line exocrine glands and ducts)
  • stratified: relatively rare, secretion, (ducts such as sweat glands, mammary glands)
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12
Q

Why is Transitional epithelial tissue a separate classification? Where is it found and why is it unique?

A
  • changes shape, tolerates repeated stretching w/o damage

- in urinary bladder, ureters, chambers in kidneys

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13
Q

Columnar epithelial tissue—Know the difference between simple and stratified, where they are found, and their major functions.

A
  • simple: absorption and movement (stomach lining, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes)
  • stratified: secreting and absorbing, relatively rare (salivary glands, pancreas)
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14
Q

What is the difference between the 2 types of glandular epithelia?
Be familiar with the 3 methods of secretion—What is/are the difference(s) between them? What are the 3 structural types of glands and how are they different?

A
  • 2 types
  • endocrine: secrete directly into blood
  • exocrine: secrete products onto a surface or into some vessel
  • methods of secretion: difference deals with how glands are secreting
  • merocrine: most common type of secretion, product released from vesicles by exocytosis, cell itself is not damaged
  • apocrine: whole surface breaks off & open releasing vesicles at one time, damage to just top of cell (mammary glands)
  • holocrine: builds up in cell, no movement to surface, entire cell explodes
  • 3 structural types:
  • simple: 1 duct that does not divide
  • tubular (form tubes)
  • acinar (form chambers)
  • compound: duct divides 1+ times
  • mucous cell: independent, scattered gland cells (same as simple but branches more)
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15
Q

What are the 6 main functions of connective tissue? Is it avascular or highly vascular? What are the 3 basic components?

A
  • functions
    • structural framework for body
    • moving fluids and dissolved materials
    • protecting organs
    • supporting, surrounding, connecting other tissues
    • storing energy reserves (usually as triglyerides)
    • defense against microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, etc)
  • highly vascular (lots of blood vessels)
  • 3 basic components
    • specialized cells
    • extracellular protein fibers
    • ground substance (fluid)
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16
Q

There are 3 general types of connective tissues. What are they and how are they different?

A
  • connective proper (many types of cells & extracellular fibers in syrupy ground subs)
  • fluid connective (distinctive population of cells suspended in watery matrix containing dissolved proteins)
  • supporting connective (less diverse cell population & matrix containing much more densely packed fibers, protect soft tissues & support weight of body)
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17
Q

What are the 2 types of “connective tissue proper”? How are they different?

A
  • loose (fibers create loose, open frameworks)

- dense (fibers packed tightly together)

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18
Q

Know the 3 types of Loose connective tissue, where they are found, and their general functions.

A
  • areolar (found throughout body / packing material)
  • adipose (found in buttocks / storage, insulation, cushion)
  • reticular (found in kidney / provides support & resists shape change)
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19
Q

Be familiar with the roles of the 11 cell types and 3 fiber types in Areolar (loose) connective tissue.

A

-chapter 4 part 2 9/15 slide 8

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20
Q

Know the 3 types of Dense connective tissue, where they are found, and their general functions.

A
  • dense regular (found in tendons and ligaments / strong connections)
  • dense irregular (found in visceral organs / thick supporting layer in skin)
  • elastic (found in between vertebrae of spinal column / flexible support)
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21
Q

What are the 2 types of “fluid connective tissue”? What makes them different from “connective tissue proper”?

A
  • 2 types
  • blood
  • lymph
  • connective is extracellular protein fibers + viscous ground subs
  • fluid is matrix + suspended proteins
22
Q

What are the 3 blood connective tissue cell types? What are their functions? How is lymph formed?

A
  • red blood cells (fn: carry oxygen, ½ of blood volume, give blood color)
  • white blood cells (fn: defend body from infection)
  • platelets (fn: clotting response)
  • forming of lymph: interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid) that drains into the lymphatic vessels and empties in large veins near heart)
23
Q

What are the 2 types of “supporting connective tissue”? How are they different? What are cartilage cells called and where are they found?

A
  • cartilage (protect soft tissues)
  • bone (support body weight, protection)
  • cartilage cells: chondrocytes (found in lacunae which is small chambers)
24
Q

Name the 3 cartilage tissue types. Where is each one found? What is the function?

A
  • hyaline (found between ribs and sternum / reduce friction & provide stiff but flexible support)
  • elastic (found external ear / flexible support)
  • fibrous (found knee joints / resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact)
25
Q

How is the matrix of bone connective tissue different than the other connective tissue types?

A
  • bone connective tissue: small volume of ground subs (liquid) + calcium salts and collagen fibers
  • others don’t have calcium salts and collagen for strength
26
Q

What are the 2 types of bone connective tissue and how are they different?

A
  • compact bone (outer, weight-bearing layer)

- spongy bone (inner layer)

27
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue? What are the 3 types? Where are they found? What are their functions? How are they different, cell-wise?

A
  • function: contraction (movement)
  • 3 types
    • skeletal (found muscles, organs / attached bone via tendon / striated cells)
    • cardiac (found in heart / involuntary contraction of heart / short, branched cells)
    • smooth (found in blood, urine / involuntary contact in vessels / short, spindle shaped cells with single nucleus)
28
Q

What is the function of neural tissue? Where is neural tissue concentrated? What are the 2 cell types? Know the difference between neurons and neuroglia/glial cells.
What two parts compose a neuron?

A
  • function: conduction of electrical impulses from one part of body to another
  • 98% concentrated in brain and spinal cord (CNS)
  • 2 types
    • neurons (transfer info from place to place, process info)
    • neuroglia/glia (protect, support and repair neural tissue & maintain nutrient supplies)
  • parts that compose a neuron: cell body, axons & dendrites
29
Q

What are membranes? Name the 4 types that line or cover the body. Where are they and what tissue types compose them?

A
  • membranes are physical barrier
  • 4 types that line/cover body
    • mucous membrane (urinary tract / epithelium on top of areolar)
    • serous membrane (pericardium (covers heart) / mesothelium on top of areolar)
    • cutaneous membrane (covers surface of body / stratified squamous epithelium on top of areolar on top of dense irregular connective tissue)
    • synovial membrane (lines mobile joint cavities / epithelium-like tissue on top of areolar)
30
Q

What is ‘fasciae’? What are the 3 layers?

A
  • connective tissue layers that support and surround organs
  • 3 layers
    • superficial (between skin and organ)
    • deep (under the superficial, stronger)
    • subserous (between deep and serous membranes)
31
Q

Know the general characteristics of the integumentary system—called ‘skin’; makes up 16% of t.b.w.; first line of defense against outside forces

A
  • referred to as skin or integument
  • 16% total body weight
  • first line of defense against outside forces
32
Q

What are the 8 functions of the skin?

A
  • protection of underlying tissues/organs
  • excretion of salts, water, organic wastes
  • maintenance of body temp through insulation or sweating
  • production of melanin
  • production of keratin
  • synthesis of vitamin D
  • storage of lipids
  • detection of touch, pressure, pain, temp stimuli - relaying info to nervous system
33
Q

Know the 3 major layers and what tissue types they are composed of.

A
  • epidermis (epithelial tissue)
  • dermis (connective tissue)
  • hypodermis (adipose tissue)
34
Q

What is the Epidermis composed of? What are keratinocytes? What do epidermal ridges attach to?

A
  • composed of stratified squamous epithelium
  • keratinocytes: keratin cells in epidermis
  • epidermal ridges add surface area for attachment to the dermis
35
Q

Why are they important?

A

-epidermal ridges are important because they increase surface area (like microvilli) to secure strong attachment to dermis below, where the connective tissue is vascular, therefore giving the epidermis it’s nutrients

36
Q

What are the 2 skin types of the epidermis? How are they different?

A
  • 2 skin types
    • thin skin (most of body, 4 layers)
    • thick skin (palms and soles of feet, 5 layers)
37
Q

Know the 5 skin layers and what they are made of.

A
  • stratum corneum (15-30 layers keratinized cells)
  • stratum lucidum (added layer of protection)
  • stratum granulosum (3-5 layers of keratinocytes)
  • stratum spinosum (8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes)
  • stratum basale (basal cells - stem cells that replace lost/shed epithelial cells)
38
Q

What 3 things influence skin color?

A
  • presence of pigments
  • degree of dermal circulation
  • thickness and degree of keratinization in the epidermis
39
Q

Where are melanocytes? What do they produce? Where do we get carotene?

A
  • melanocytes are located in the stratum basale, produce melanin
  • carotene comes from orange foods, our bodies cannot produce it
40
Q

Where is the Dermis? What is it composed of? What are the 2 layers and how are they different?

A
  • connective tissue between epidermis and hypodermis
  • 2 layers
    • papillary layer (highly vascularized areolar connective tissue)
    • reticular layer (interwoven mesh of dense irregular connective tissue)
41
Q

What is the hypodermis? What is its main function?

A

-most bottom layer of skin, separates skin from deeper structures & stabilizes while allowing independent movement, high energy storage

42
Q

What are the functions of the nerves in the skin?

A

-sensory receptors: pain, pressure, temp (to keep you safe)

43
Q

What are the 2 types of skin cancer? How are they different?

A
  • basal cell carcinoma
  • malignant melanoma
  • both start in stratum basale, but basal cell usually doesn’t spread and malignant spreads quickly
44
Q

What are the ‘lines of cleavage’? Why are they important?

A
  • parallel placement of collagen and elastic fibers on skin
  • depending on where the cut is, along the lines will heal quickly with little scarring while across the lines will take longer to heal and greater scarring
45
Q

There are 3 accessory structures found in the skin. What are they? And what do they do?

A
  • hair (assist skin in protection, sensation, secretion)
  • exocrine glands (assist in thermoregulation, excrete wastes, lubricate epidermis)
  • nails (protect ends of digits, limit tissue distortion)
46
Q

What is hair? What functions does it perform? Where is it made? What are the physical structures that make up hair?

A
  • hair is nonliving structures (dead keratinized cells) that are above the surface of the skin
  • functions: UV protection, stops entry of foreign particles, insulation, sensory
  • made in hair follicle
  • physical structures
    • shaft
    • root
    • sebaceous gland
    • hair bulb
    • papilla
    • arrector pili muscle
47
Q

Name the two types of exocrine glands. How are they different? What are the two types of sweat glands?

A
  • 2 types
    • sebaceous glands (oil) (secretes sebum which coats hair shaft and epidermal tissues for lubrication and antibacterial properties)
    • sweat glands
      • apocrine (influenced by hormones)
      • eccrine (influenced by nervous system)
48
Q

Know the two major functions of nails. Where are they produced?

A
  • protect ends of digits and limit tissue distortion

- produced in

49
Q

Be familiar with the effects of aging on the skin.

A
  • thinning epidermis (bottom layer of epidermis slows cell production
  • fewer active follicles (stop functioning or produce thinner, finer hairs
  • drier epidermis (sebaceous gland secretion decreases)
50
Q

How is Vit D converted to calcitriol? What does calcitriol do? What happens if Vit D is low?

A
  • skin uses sunlight to produce Vitamin D3 which is converted in kidneys to calcitriol
  • calcitriol helps absorb Ca+ and P from the digestive tract
  • low Vitamin D results in flexible, poorly mineralized bones called rickets
51
Q

What are the 4 stages of skin repair (generally)?

A
  • injury site bleeds, moving up to top of wound and clots
  • clot hardens, turning into a scab, macrophages come and clean it out
  • fibroblasts come to area, make collagen fibers from bottom working up
  • Injury - bleeding - scab - fibroblasts making collagen fibers, and at the end you have a scar where collagen fibers are

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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