exam 4, chapters 42, 46, 49, 54, 55 Flashcards
1
Q
all animals must be able to respond to
A
environmental stimuli
2
Q
all animals use:
A
sensory receptors, motor effectors
3
Q
sensory receptors
A
detect a stimulus, and carry impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system
4
Q
motor effectors
A
respond to it, and carry impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
5
Q
your nervous system links sensory receptors and motor effectors
A
connects you to sensing things and responding it
6
Q
peripheral nervous system is made up of
A
sensory and motor neurons
7
Q
somatic nervous system stimulates
A
skeletal muscles to contract and make up the somatic nervous system
8
Q
autonomic nervous system stimulates
A
smooth and cardiac muscles as well as glands
9
Q
parasympathetic
A
calming down, not panicking, does digestion
10
Q
sympathetic
A
fight or flight
11
Q
parasympathetic and sympathetic
A
work together
12
Q
sensory neurons
A
carry impulses to the central nervous system (cold/hot, soft/hard)
13
Q
motor neurons
A
carry impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands (how your body reacts)
14
Q
interneurons
A
neurons that deal with learning and memory, you. get used to it
15
Q
dendrites
A
roots coming off, receiving a signal
16
Q
axon
A
long extension that sends the signal to another neuron
17
Q
myelin sheath
A
covers the axon, speeds the signal through the axon
18
Q
neurons lack
A
a resting membrane potential
19
Q
action potential
A
sends the signal, the actual signals that move along an axon
20
Q
graded potentials
A
determines if it should send the signal
21
Q
gated channels
A
induce opening and cause changes in cell membrane permeability
22
Q
voltage-gated Na+ channels
A
at rest the activation gate is closed, the inactivation gate is open, the Na+ causes the membrane to depolarize
23
Q
voltage-gated K channels
A
single activation gate that is closed in the resting state, kicking out the K+ repolarizes the membrane
24
Q
phases of action potential
A
rising, falling, and hyperpolarization
25
synapses
connect between neurons, where axons connect to dendrites
26
presynaptic cells
transmit action potential
27
the postsynaptic cell
receives action potential
28
electrical synapses
touching, making the direct connection, can pass the electrical movement
29
electrical synapses involve direct cytoplasmic connections formed by gap junctions between
the pre and post synaptic neurons
30
chemical synapses
when there is a gap, neurons don't touch, and action potential triggers an influx of Ca+
31
1. synaptic vesicles fuse
with the cell membrane
32
2. neurotransmitter is
released by exocytosis
33
3. diffuses to the other side of the gap and binds
to chemical or ligand-gated receptor proteins
34
4. produces graded potentials in the
postsynaptic membrane
35
5. neurotransmitter action is terminated by
enzymatic digestion
36
diencephalon
producing hormones
37
thalamus
receiving cues and responding to them
38
hypothalamus
emotions
39
telecephalon
located in the front of the forearm, cerebrum, you think things and respond to things, linked to associative activity
40
cerebrum
split into the right and left cerebral hemispheres
41
corpus callosum
the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body
42
hemispheres are divided into lobes
frontal, pariental, temporal, occipital
43
frontal
cognition and thinking
44
pariental
sensory, touch, navigation
45
temporal
sound, listening
46
occipital
visual cues
47
cerebrum cortex
goey ribbed part of the brain, why you are smart, contains 10% of all neurons in the brain
48
spinal cord
cable of neurons extending from the brain down through the backbones
49
meninges
protective covering around the vertebral column
50
the knee-jerk reflex is
monosynaptic
51
most reflexes in vertebrates involve a
single interneuron
52
3 types of digestive systems
herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
53
most multicellular animals digest food
extracellularly
54
Cnidarians and flatworms have a
gastrovascular cavity
55
gastrovascular cavity
only one opening and no specialized regions
56
specialization occurs when the digestive tract has a
separate mouth and anus
57
mouth and pharynx:
entry
58
esophagus
delivers food to the stomach
59
stomach
preliminary digestion, the majority of digestion occurs here
60
small intestine
digestion and absorption, mostly absorption
61
large intestine
absorption of water and minerals, mostly absorption
62
cloaca (same hole to pee or poop) or rectum
expel water
63
liver
produces bile, breakdown of fats/lipids
64
gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile
65
pancreas
releases insulin, produces pancreatic juice, digestive enzymes, and *bicarbonate buffer*
66
birds lack ___ and have ___
teeth, beaks
67
birds break up food into the
two-chambered stomach
68
gizzard
muscular chamber that uses ingested pebbles to break up food like teeth
69
carnivores have
sharp, pointed teeth that lack flat grinding surfaces
70
herbivores
large flat teeth suited for grinding cellulose cell walls of plant tissues
71
humans have
both carnivore and herbivore teeth
72
saliva
moistens and lubricates the food
73
salivary amylase
initiates the breakdown of starch
74
salivation is controlled by the
nervous system
75
swallowing starts as a
voluntary action
76
swallowing continues under
involuntary control
77
when food is ready to be swallowed
the tongue moves it to the back of the mouth
78
elevation of the
larynx pushes the glottis against the epiglottis
79
larynx
voice box
80
when the glottis pushes up
it allows you to swallow
81
when the glottis is down
it allows you to breathe
82
the esophagus actively moves a
bolus through peristalsis
83
bolus
slightly digested food
84
peristalsis
squeezing and pushing down the food
85
the sphincter opens
to allow food to enter the stomach
86
humans lack
a true sphincter
87
the stomach has 2 types of secretory cells
mucus-secreting cells, parietal cells, and chief cells
88
mucus-secreting cells
lubricating cells, allowing them to slide through
89
parietal cells
usually 1st, lower the pH of your stomach, and secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
90
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen, become active in an acidic environment
91
chief and parietal cells need an
acidic environment for it to occur
92
inside the stomach:
breaking down the food
93
a low ___ in the stomach helps to
pH, denature food proteins
94
a low pH in the stomach activates
pepsin (chief cells)
95
chyme
a mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice that is found in the stomach
96
no significant digestion of _____ and ____ occur in the _____
carbohydrates and fats, stomach
97
chyme leaves the stomach through the
pyloric sphincter to enter the small intestine
98
the small intestine is about
4.5m long, small diameter
99
small intestine consists of
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
100
duodenum
sharp turns in the small intestine
101
the small intestine recieves
chyme from the stomach, digestive enzymes and bicarbonate buffer from the pancreas, bile from the liver and gallbladder
102
the small intestine is the longest site of
absorption
103
the large intestine is
much shorter than the small intestine, but has a larger diameter
104
the large intestine functions to
reabsorb water, remaining electrolytes and vitamin K
105
the large intestine prepares water for
expulsion
106
water in a multicellular body is distributed between
intracellular and extracellular components
107
important ions
Na+, Cl-, Ca+, Mg2+, K+
108
osmoconformers
conforming to the environment
109
freshwater and marine are
osmoconformers
110
positives of being an osmoconformer
not wasting energy
111
negatives of being an osmoconformer
highly dependent on the environment
112
osmoregulators
regulating their osmotic pressure, isolated from the environment
113
positives of being an osmoconformer
do not depend on the environment
114
negatives of osmoconformers
takes a lot of energy
115
freshwater vertebrates are
hypertonic to their environment, water wants to come into the cell, have adaptations to prevent water from entering their bodies
116
hypertonic
higher concentration in their fluid than the outside
117
terrestrial vertebrates (humans) have a
higher concentration of water than the surrounding air
118
urinary/osmoregulatory systems have evolved to help
them remain water (kidneys)
119
nitrogenous wastes
ammonia, urea, and uric acid
120
amino acids and nucleic acids are
catabolized into nitrogenous wastes
121
deamination
removal of amino (NH2-) group, combines with H+ to form ammonia
122
ammonia is more
water-soluble, making it easy to pee out
123
elasmobranches, adult amphibians, and mammals convert
ammonia into urea
124
birds, reptiles, and insects convert
ammonia into water-insoluble uric acid
125
mammals also produce
uric acid
126
uricase
enzyme that converts uric acid into a more soluble derivative called allantoin
127
arthritis is caused by
excessive accumulation of uric acid called gout
128
majority of molecules filtrated out are
reabsorbed
129
mammalian kidneys are made up of
nephrons
130
urine drains from each kidney through a
ureter into a urinary bladder
131
filtration
fluid in the blood is filtered out the glomerulus into the tubules system
132
reabsorption
selective movement of solutes out of the filtrate back into the blood via peritubular capillaries
133
secretion
movement of substances from blood into the extracellular fluid then into the filtrate in the tubular system
134
excretion
kidneys eliminate a variety of potentially harmful substances that animals eat and drink
135
urine contains
nitrogenous wastes
136
ecology
study of how organisms relate to one another and to their environments
137
key elements of the environment
temperature, water, sunlight, substrate
138
short-term responses
variety of ways to cope
139
long-term responses
natural selection can operate to make a population better adapted to the environment
140
physiological responses
sweating, increase erythrocyte production, making "antifreeze"
141
morphological capabilities
endotherms have adaptations that minimize energy expenditure
142
behavioral responses
moving from one habitat to another
143
allen's rule of reduced surface area
mammals from colder climates have shorter ears and limbs to conserve energy
144
populations
same species, same time, same place
145
3 characteristics of population ecology
population range, pattern of spacing of individuals, how population changes in size through time
146
random spacing
individuals do not interact strongly with one another, not common in nature
147
uniform spacing
behavioral interactions, resource competition
148
clumped spacing
uneven distribution of responses, common in nature
149
dispersal
populations increase and send out many disperers
150
disperers
help populations expand
151
small populations may have
fewer dispersers
152
source-sink metapopulations
some areas are suitable for long-term habitat, others are not
153
continuous colonization of empty patches prevents
long-term extinction
154
number of births is directly related to the
number of females
155
generation times
an average interval between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring
156
populations with short generations can
increase in size quicker than populations with long generation
157
small body size=
small generation time
158
age structure is determined by
the number of individuals in a different age group
159
cohort
a group of individuals of the same age
160
fecundity
the ability to reproduce a number of offspring in a certain time period, success in reproduction
161
mortality
death rate
162
survivorship
percent of an original population that survives to a given age
163
R-selected populations
produce a lot of offspring but dont take care of them
164
K-selected populations
have smaller amounts of offspring but take care of them as they grow
165
R-selected populations are
more common on our planet
166
long-lived species
delay reproduction
167
the advantage of long-lived species is that
juveniles gain experience before the high cost of reproduction
168
short lived species
reproduce early
169
carry capacity
the maximum number of individuals that the environment can support
170
the biotic potential of any population is
exponential, even when the rate of increase remains constant
171
resource availability
when resources are limited, the cost of reproduction is high
172
selection will favor individuals who can
compete and utilize resources efficiently
173
density-dependent (high density environments)
disease, food availability, attract predators
174
density-independent
weather events, bottleneck effects
175
community
group of populations
176
communities are characterized by
species richness, species abundance, primary productivity
177
species richness
number of species in a population
178
species abundance
number of individuals
179
primary productivity
base of productivity
180
niche
the total of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its environment, how you contribute to a community
181
ecological niche
competition
182
interspecific competition
two species, one resource, and not enough of it to go around
183
interference competition
physical interactions over access to resources, physically blocking something
184
exploitative competition
consuming the same resources
185
fundamental niche
you can sit in any chair in the room
186
realized niche
cant sit in the chair that someone is sitting in
187
competitive exclusion
two species compete for a limited resource, the species that uses the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other locally
188
efficient with food
longer life
189
resource partitioning
subdivided niche to avoid direct competition
190
prey populations can have
explosions and crashes
191
predation provides strong selective pressure on the
prey populations
192
plants adapt predations by evolving
mechanisms to defend themselves
193
herbivores coevolve to continue
eating plants
194
mimicry
allows one species to capitalize on the defensive strategies of another
195
bastesian mimicry
mimics look like distasteful species, harmless but look harmful
196
mullerian miimicry
several unrelated but poisonous species come to resemble one another, both dangerous, and both start to resemble one another
197
3 major types of symbiosis
commensalism, mutualism, parasitism
198
commensalism
benefits one species and is neutral to the other
199
mutualism
benefits both species
200
coevolution
flowering plants and insects
201
parasitism
benefits one species at the expense of another
202
external parasites
ectoparasites, parasitoids
203
ectoparasites
feed on the exterior surface of an organism
204
parasitoids
insects that lay eggs on living hosts
205
predators choice depends partly on the
relative abundance of the prey options
206
predation reduces
competition
207
keystone species
one matters more in an environment than others
208
communities are always
in flux
209
communities are constantly changing as a result of
climate changes, species invasions, and disturbance events
