exam 2, chapters 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Flashcards
1
Q
viruses
A
very simple, made of DNA or RNA, no cytoplasm
2
Q
3 types of viruses
A
RNA, DNA, retroviruses
3
Q
virus structure
A
protein sheath or capsid, nucleic acid core
4
Q
reverse transcriptase
A
RNA-> DNA, uses the host’s energy to turn RNA into DNA
5
Q
tissue tropism
A
inside a host, the virus may only infect specific time
6
Q
Viral replication
A
- infect a host cell
- the viral genome tricks the host cell into making viruses
- new viruses leave cells to infect other cells
7
Q
replication is error-prone=
A
high rates of mutation
8
Q
retroviruses
A
have single-stranded RNA genome that is transcripted to double-stranded DNA, reverse transcriptase
9
Q
virus classification
A
taxonomy, genome classifications Baltimore classification, the host they infect, the disease they cause
10
Q
taxonomy
A
uses order, family, subfamily, and genus
11
Q
genome classification, Baltimore classification
A
are you DNA or RNA virus?
12
Q
metagenomics
A
shows different kinds of viruses present
13
Q
bacteriophages
A
viruses that can attack bacteria, very very small
14
Q
lytic cycle
A
cut, break, delete the bacteria DNA, kill the cell
15
Q
lysogenic cycle
A
the virus does not immediately kill the infected cell, it adds itself to its genome
16
Q
lysogen
A
bacteria
17
Q
viral infections
A
persistent vs. acute
18
Q
persistent infections
A
latent or chronic
19
Q
acute infections
A
latent or chronic
20
Q
acute
A
rapid replication of virus and can lead to sudden symptom onset
21
Q
HIV
A
destroying what is used to keep you healthy, acquired immune deficiency syndrome
22
Q
latent viral infections
A
no symptoms, viruses that “hide” in the host
23
Q
latent viral infections can be triggered
A
due to physiological stimuli (not eating, sleeping well)
24
Q
prions
A
“proteinaceous infectious particles”, act like viruses, they misshape other proteins so that they wont function properly
25
missfolded proteins cuase normal proteins to
misfold, causing disease
26
viroids
tiny naked molecules of circular RNA, that produce small interfering RNAs and plant growth and development
27
prokaryotic
oldest, structurally simplest, and most abundant forms of life
28
prokaryotes fall into two domains
bacteria, archaea
29
unicellular
most single-celled
30
cell size
sizes vary tremdously
31
nucleoid region
DO NOT have a nucleus, not walled off, chromosome is often linear double-stranded DNA
32
cell division
binary fission, cell splitting
33
characteristics of prokaryotes
do not perform sexual reproduction, can share genetic material just not through sexual reproduction, no membrane-bounded organelles, flagella-they can move
34
archaean membrane
glycerol linked to hydrocarbon chains by ether linkages
35
bacterial membrane
ester linkages, archaea form a monolayer instead of a bilayer
36
cell wall
peptidoglycan creates a rigid network
37
gram-positive bacteria
a think, complex network of peptidoglycan, PURPLE
38
gram-negative bacteria
a think layer of peptidoglycan, 2 plasma membranes, resistant to many antibiotics, PINK/RED
39
molecular clasification
1. amino acid sequences of key proteins
2. percent guanine-cytosine content
3. gene and RNA sequencing ribosomes
4. whole-genome sequencing- *problem*
40
3 basic shapes
bacillus, coccus, spirllum
41
flagella
composed of protein flagellin, involved in locomotion
42
pili
found in gram-negative bacteria, aid in attachment and conjugation
43
3 types of sharing genes without reproduction
conjugation, transformation, transduction
44
conjugation
the physical connection between two bacteria that share plasma
45
transformation
bacteria dies and another bacteria utilizes its resources
46
transduction
the virus moves bacteria from one cell to another
47
generalized transduction
occurs via accidents in the lytic cycle
48
specialized transduction
occurs vis accidents in the lysogenic cycle
49
beneficial prokaryotes
decomposers release a dead organism's atoms into the environment
50
fixation
photosynthesizers fix carbon into sugars, nitrogen fixers reduce N2 to NH3
51
5 eukaryotic supergroups
excavata, archaeplastida, amoebozoa, opisthokonta, SAR
52
cell surface
plasma membrane, extracellular, cysts
53
extracellular matrix
outside of the cell membrane, there is a structure
54
cysts
dormant cells with resistant outer covering, they want until conditions are better, like hibernation
55
locomotion
flagellum, cilia, pseudopodia
56
cilia
little hairs that move water, if bigger they move the water around them
57
multicellularity evolved from
single cells- colonies- multicellularity
58
euglenozoa
bodies change shape when swimming, among the earliest eukaryotes to possess mitochondria
59
SAR
Stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizzaria
60
stramenopiles
brown algae, diatoms, and oomycetes, with very fine hairs on their flagella
61
brown algae
not a plant, in the kelp group, conspicuous seaweeds of northern regions
62
vertical biodiversity
the further you go down, the diversity of organisms changes
63
macrocysts
not a plant, kelp group
64
diatoms
can photosynthesize, phylum Chrysophyta, heterotrophic, double shells made of silica
65
alveolates
have flattened sacks called alveoli
66
dinoflagellates
photosynthetic, unicellular with flagella, see them in water, live in aquatic/marine environments, good in moderation
67
red tide
harmful algae bloom, too many dinoflagellates
68
karema brevuis
dinoflagellates that cause red tide, they photosynthesize, and remove oxygen from the water
69
rhizaria
radiolarians/foraminiferans-phylum retaria, heterotrophic, double shells made of silica
70
phylum retaria (foraminiferans)
heterotrophic, "false feet" for swimming and feeding
71
plankton
cannot swim against the current, "false feet"
72
archaeplastida
rhodophyta, chlorophyta, cjarophytes, and land plants, photosynthetic organisms acquired chloroplast through primary endosymbiosis
73
primary endosymbiosis
taking in prokaryotes from back in the day that can photosynthesize
74
rhodophyta
red algae, lack flagella
75
coralline algae
coral, protective shield, sand in the tissue
76
chlorophyta
chlorophyll, never made it to land
77
charophytes
gave rise to the land plants
78
opisthokonta
fungi, chanoflgella, animals
79
choanoflagellates
unicellular organisms have a single emergent flagellum surrounded by a funnel-shaped, contractile collar, most like the common ancestor of sponges
80
plants had many issues to overcome on land
moving from water to land is difficult, one has to carry extra weight, fungi helped plants to colonize land, helped to make nutrients available
81
chlorophytes
never made it to land
82
charophytes
sister to all land plants
83
protection from desiccation
waxy cuticle and stomata, keep water in and keep water out
84
brytophytes
non-vascular moss, closest living descendants of the first land plants, important in enhancing water uptake
85
mosses
gametophytes consist of small, leaflike structures around a stem-like axis
86
archegonia
female gametangia
87
antheridia
male gametangia
88
angiosperm
small, dependent gametophyte, largo sporophyte
89
tracheophyte
vascular plants
90
cooksonia
first vascular land plant, very, very small
91
xylem
conducts water upward from the roots
92
phloem
conducts food/nutrients throughout the plant
93
lycophyll origins
1 stem produces a single vascular strand
94
euphyll origins
branching stems produce branches vascular strands
95
pterophytes
connected amongst ferns, a common ancestor of whisk ferns and horsetails, rely on water for flagellated sperm
96
ferns
most abundant group of seedless vascular plants
97
seeds help
protect and provide food for the embryo, allow the clock to be stopped and later develop fruit-enhanced dispersal
98
integument
extra layer or two of sporophyte tissue
99
male gametophytes
pollen, dispersed by wind or pollinator
100
female gametophytes
fruit, develop within an ovule
101
gymnosperms
plants with "naked seeds", pine cones, trees with needles
102
angiosperms
flowering plants
103
modified stems
growing bud
104
pedicel
primordium develops into a bud at the end of a stalk
105
receptacle
pedicel expands at the tip
106
whorls
flower parts are organized in circles
107
1st round of double fertilization in seed formation
one sperm unites with an egg to form a diploid zygote, a new sporophyte
108
2nd round of double fertilization in seed formation
another sperm unites with the two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm
109
triploid endosperm
food for the embryo
110
how seeds protect embryos
1. maintain dormancy until conditions are favorable
2. protect the young plant when it is most vulnerable
3. provide food for the embryo until it can produce its own
4. facilitate dispersal of the embryo
111
once a seed forms
metabolic activities stop
112
germination cannot take place until water and oxygen reach
the embryo
113
fruits
mature ovaries
114
pericarp
the wall around the ovary
115
made up of 3 layers
exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp
116
fruit contains 3 genotypes in 1 package
fruits and seed coat from prior sporophyte generation, remnants of gametophyte generation produced egg, embryo represents the next sporophyte generation
117
fruit dispersal can be caused by
ingestion + transportation by birds, hitching a ride with hooked spines on birds and mammals, burial in caches by herbivores, blowing in the wind, floating + drifting on water
