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biology 2 > exam 2, chapters 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 > Flashcards

exam 2, chapters 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

viruses

A

very simple, made of DNA or RNA, no cytoplasm

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2
Q

3 types of viruses

A

RNA, DNA, retroviruses

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3
Q

virus structure

A

protein sheath or capsid, nucleic acid core

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4
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

RNA-> DNA, uses the host’s energy to turn RNA into DNA

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5
Q

tissue tropism

A

inside a host, the virus may only infect specific time

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6
Q

Viral replication

A
  1. infect a host cell
  2. the viral genome tricks the host cell into making viruses
  3. new viruses leave cells to infect other cells
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7
Q

replication is error-prone=

A

high rates of mutation

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8
Q

retroviruses

A

have single-stranded RNA genome that is transcripted to double-stranded DNA, reverse transcriptase

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9
Q

virus classification

A

taxonomy, genome classifications Baltimore classification, the host they infect, the disease they cause

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10
Q

taxonomy

A

uses order, family, subfamily, and genus

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11
Q

genome classification, Baltimore classification

A

are you DNA or RNA virus?

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12
Q

metagenomics

A

shows different kinds of viruses present

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13
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that can attack bacteria, very very small

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14
Q

lytic cycle

A

cut, break, delete the bacteria DNA, kill the cell

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15
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

the virus does not immediately kill the infected cell, it adds itself to its genome

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16
Q

lysogen

A

bacteria

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17
Q

viral infections

A

persistent vs. acute

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18
Q

persistent infections

A

latent or chronic

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19
Q

acute infections

A

latent or chronic

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20
Q

acute

A

rapid replication of virus and can lead to sudden symptom onset

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21
Q

HIV

A

destroying what is used to keep you healthy, acquired immune deficiency syndrome

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22
Q

latent viral infections

A

no symptoms, viruses that “hide” in the host

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23
Q

latent viral infections can be triggered

A

due to physiological stimuli (not eating, sleeping well)

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24
Q

prions

A

“proteinaceous infectious particles”, act like viruses, they misshape other proteins so that they wont function properly

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25
Q

missfolded proteins cuase normal proteins to

A

misfold, causing disease

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26
Q

viroids

A

tiny naked molecules of circular RNA, that produce small interfering RNAs and plant growth and development

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27
Q

prokaryotic

A

oldest, structurally simplest, and most abundant forms of life

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28
Q

prokaryotes fall into two domains

A

bacteria, archaea

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29
Q

unicellular

A

most single-celled

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30
Q

cell size

A

sizes vary tremdously

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31
Q

nucleoid region

A

DO NOT have a nucleus, not walled off, chromosome is often linear double-stranded DNA

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32
Q

cell division

A

binary fission, cell splitting

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33
Q

characteristics of prokaryotes

A

do not perform sexual reproduction, can share genetic material just not through sexual reproduction, no membrane-bounded organelles, flagella-they can move

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34
Q

archaean membrane

A

glycerol linked to hydrocarbon chains by ether linkages

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35
Q

bacterial membrane

A

ester linkages, archaea form a monolayer instead of a bilayer

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36
Q

cell wall

A

peptidoglycan creates a rigid network

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37
Q

gram-positive bacteria

A

a think, complex network of peptidoglycan, PURPLE

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38
Q

gram-negative bacteria

A

a think layer of peptidoglycan, 2 plasma membranes, resistant to many antibiotics, PINK/RED

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39
Q

molecular clasification

A
  1. amino acid sequences of key proteins
  2. percent guanine-cytosine content
  3. gene and RNA sequencing ribosomes
  4. whole-genome sequencing- problem
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40
Q

3 basic shapes

A

bacillus, coccus, spirllum

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41
Q

flagella

A

composed of protein flagellin, involved in locomotion

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42
Q

pili

A

found in gram-negative bacteria, aid in attachment and conjugation

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43
Q

3 types of sharing genes without reproduction

A

conjugation, transformation, transduction

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44
Q

conjugation

A

the physical connection between two bacteria that share plasma

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45
Q

transformation

A

bacteria dies and another bacteria utilizes its resources

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46
Q

transduction

A

the virus moves bacteria from one cell to another

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47
Q

generalized transduction

A

occurs via accidents in the lytic cycle

48
Q

specialized transduction

A

occurs vis accidents in the lysogenic cycle

49
Q

beneficial prokaryotes

A

decomposers release a dead organism’s atoms into the environment

50
Q

fixation

A

photosynthesizers fix carbon into sugars, nitrogen fixers reduce N2 to NH3

51
Q

5 eukaryotic supergroups

A

excavata, archaeplastida, amoebozoa, opisthokonta, SAR

52
Q

cell surface

A

plasma membrane, extracellular, cysts

53
Q

extracellular matrix

A

outside of the cell membrane, there is a structure

54
Q

cysts

A

dormant cells with resistant outer covering, they want until conditions are better, like hibernation

55
Q

locomotion

A

flagellum, cilia, pseudopodia

56
Q

cilia

A

little hairs that move water, if bigger they move the water around them

57
Q

multicellularity evolved from

A

single cells- colonies- multicellularity

58
Q

euglenozoa

A

bodies change shape when swimming, among the earliest eukaryotes to possess mitochondria

59
Q

SAR

A

Stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizzaria

60
Q

stramenopiles

A

brown algae, diatoms, and oomycetes, with very fine hairs on their flagella

61
Q

brown algae

A

not a plant, in the kelp group, conspicuous seaweeds of northern regions

62
Q

vertical biodiversity

A

the further you go down, the diversity of organisms changes

63
Q

macrocysts

A

not a plant, kelp group

64
Q

diatoms

A

can photosynthesize, phylum Chrysophyta, heterotrophic, double shells made of silica

65
Q

alveolates

A

have flattened sacks called alveoli

66
Q

dinoflagellates

A

photosynthetic, unicellular with flagella, see them in water, live in aquatic/marine environments, good in moderation

67
Q

red tide

A

harmful algae bloom, too many dinoflagellates

68
Q

karema brevuis

A

dinoflagellates that cause red tide, they photosynthesize, and remove oxygen from the water

69
Q

rhizaria

A

radiolarians/foraminiferans-phylum retaria, heterotrophic, double shells made of silica

70
Q

phylum retaria (foraminiferans)

A

heterotrophic, “false feet” for swimming and feeding

71
Q

plankton

A

cannot swim against the current, “false feet”

72
Q

archaeplastida

A

rhodophyta, chlorophyta, cjarophytes, and land plants, photosynthetic organisms acquired chloroplast through primary endosymbiosis

73
Q

primary endosymbiosis

A

taking in prokaryotes from back in the day that can photosynthesize

74
Q

rhodophyta

A

red algae, lack flagella

75
Q

coralline algae

A

coral, protective shield, sand in the tissue

76
Q

chlorophyta

A

chlorophyll, never made it to land

77
Q

charophytes

A

gave rise to the land plants

78
Q

opisthokonta

A

fungi, chanoflgella, animals

79
Q

choanoflagellates

A

unicellular organisms have a single emergent flagellum surrounded by a funnel-shaped, contractile collar, most like the common ancestor of sponges

80
Q

plants had many issues to overcome on land

A

moving from water to land is difficult, one has to carry extra weight, fungi helped plants to colonize land, helped to make nutrients available

81
Q

chlorophytes

A

never made it to land

82
Q

charophytes

A

sister to all land plants

83
Q

protection from desiccation

A

waxy cuticle and stomata, keep water in and keep water out

84
Q

brytophytes

A

non-vascular moss, closest living descendants of the first land plants, important in enhancing water uptake

85
Q

mosses

A

gametophytes consist of small, leaflike structures around a stem-like axis

86
Q

archegonia

A

female gametangia

87
Q

antheridia

A

male gametangia

88
Q

angiosperm

A

small, dependent gametophyte, largo sporophyte

89
Q

tracheophyte

A

vascular plants

90
Q

cooksonia

A

first vascular land plant, very, very small

91
Q

xylem

A

conducts water upward from the roots

92
Q

phloem

A

conducts food/nutrients throughout the plant

93
Q

lycophyll origins

A

1 stem produces a single vascular strand

94
Q

euphyll origins

A

branching stems produce branches vascular strands

95
Q

pterophytes

A

connected amongst ferns, a common ancestor of whisk ferns and horsetails, rely on water for flagellated sperm

96
Q

ferns

A

most abundant group of seedless vascular plants

97
Q

seeds help

A

protect and provide food for the embryo, allow the clock to be stopped and later develop fruit-enhanced dispersal

98
Q

integument

A

extra layer or two of sporophyte tissue

99
Q

male gametophytes

A

pollen, dispersed by wind or pollinator

100
Q

female gametophytes

A

fruit, develop within an ovule

101
Q

gymnosperms

A

plants with “naked seeds”, pine cones, trees with needles

102
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering plants

103
Q

modified stems

A

growing bud

104
Q

pedicel

A

primordium develops into a bud at the end of a stalk

105
Q

receptacle

A

pedicel expands at the tip

106
Q

whorls

A

flower parts are organized in circles

107
Q

1st round of double fertilization in seed formation

A

one sperm unites with an egg to form a diploid zygote, a new sporophyte

108
Q

2nd round of double fertilization in seed formation

A

another sperm unites with the two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm

109
Q

triploid endosperm

A

food for the embryo

110
Q

how seeds protect embryos

A
  1. maintain dormancy until conditions are favorable
  2. protect the young plant when it is most vulnerable
  3. provide food for the embryo until it can produce its own
  4. facilitate dispersal of the embryo
111
Q

once a seed forms

A

metabolic activities stop

112
Q

germination cannot take place until water and oxygen reach

A

the embryo

113
Q

fruits

A

mature ovaries

114
Q

pericarp

A

the wall around the ovary

115
Q

made up of 3 layers

A

exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp

116
Q

fruit contains 3 genotypes in 1 package

A

fruits and seed coat from prior sporophyte generation, remnants of gametophyte generation produced egg, embryo represents the next sporophyte generation

117
Q

fruit dispersal can be caused by

A

ingestion + transportation by birds, hitching a ride with hooked spines on birds and mammals, burial in caches by herbivores, blowing in the wind, floating + drifting on water

biology 2 (4 decks)

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