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biology 2 > exam 1, chapters 20, 21, 22, 23, 25 > Flashcards

exam 1, chapters 20, 21, 22, 23, 25 Flashcards

1
Q

natural selection causes changes in

A

allele frequencies

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2
Q

population genetics

A

study of properties of genes in a population

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3
Q

Hardy Weinberg principle

A

proportion of genotypes wont change if there arent disruptive factors involved

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4
Q

5 agents of evolutionary change

A

mutation, gene flow, assortative mating, disassortative mating, genetic drift

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5
Q

mutation

A

ultimate source of genetic variation

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6
Q

gene flow

A

movement of alleles from one population to another

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7
Q

assortative mating

A

similar looks, increases the proportion of homozygous individuals

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8
Q

disassortative. mating

A

different faces, produces heterozygotes individuals

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9
Q

genetic drift

A

changing genes by chance

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10
Q

founder effect

A

some alleles are lost and others vary in frequency

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11
Q

fitness

A

most fit is leaving the most offspring

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12
Q

intrasexual

A

fighting within your sex

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13
Q

intersexual

A

trying to please the opposite gender

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14
Q

sexual dismorphism

A

difference in sizes between sexes

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15
Q

sperm competition

A

sperm fighting sperm

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16
Q

frequency-dependent selection

A

fitness depends on its frequency within the population

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17
Q

negative frequency-dependent selection

A

rare phenotypes are favored by selection

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18
Q

positive frequency-dependent selection

A

favors common form

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19
Q

oscillating selection

A

selection favors one phenotype at one time

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20
Q

disruptive selection

A

favors extreme phenotypes

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21
Q

directional selection

A

choosing one extreme

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22
Q

stabilizing selection

A

eliminates both extremes

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23
Q

artificial selection

A

change initiated by us, choosing certain phenotypes over others

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24
Q

fossil evidence

A

organisms buried in sediment, calcium in bone mineralizes

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25
estimating the age of old fossils
potassium K isotope
26
estimating the age of recent fossils
carbon C isotope
27
homologous structures
structures with different appearances and functions can be derived from the same body part in a common ancestor
28
vestigial structures
have no apparent function but resemble structures ancestors possessed
29
pseudogenes
traces of previously functioning genes (genes can make an extra copy of something you dont need)
30
biogeography
study of life and geography
31
conversion evolution
if conditions were the same, species would look the same
32
species present on islands are often diverge from
continental relatives
33
2 phenomena of species
different populations belonging to the same species, the distinctiveness of species that occur together at a single locality
34
when species expand on a territory,
it creates a new species instead of being a variation of the species
35
ring speciation
as species move they have subtle differences in their appearances
36
gene exchange
sharing genes
37
isolating mechanisms
keep species isolated, it stops genes from changing
38
prezygotic isolating mechanisms
mechanisms that prevent the formation of a zygote, BEFORE
39
behavioral isolation
isolation between populations due to differences in courtship or mating behavior
40
mechanical isolation
the structure of the male and female copulatory organs may be incompatible, and certain things just dont work
41
temporal isolation
based on the time (nocturnal)
42
postzygotic isolating mechanisms
mechanisms that prevent proper functioning of zygotes, AFTER
43
hybridization
crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms
44
biological species concept
definition of a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature but are not able to produce viable, fertile offspring
45
ecological species concept
each species adapts to its environment, its YOUR role in YOUR environment
46
stabilizing selection
maintains the species adaptations
47
speciation
formation of new species
48
allopatric speciation
the process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation
49
sympatric speciation
speciation without a divided population, species can cross paths but choose not to, more likely to just stay in their own populations
50
stopping the gene flow
creates new species
51
adaptive radiations
evolving to fit different environments, leading to different appearances over time
52
2 paces of evolution
gradualism, punctuated equilibrium
53
gradualism
the theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily
54
punctuated equilibrium
the theory that species evolve during short periods of rapid change, occur because of outside variability
55
ancestral characteristics
inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group
56
derived characteristics
shared only by a subset of the group
57
synapomorphies
shared derived characters
58
plesiomorphies
ancestral states
59
symplesiomorphies
shared ancestral states
60
homoplasy
shared character state, not from a common ancestor
61
biological species concept
defines species as groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated
62
phylogenetic species concept
species is a population or set of populations characterized by one or more shared derived characters
63
phylogenetics
basis for all comparative biology, analysis determines homologies
64
homoplastic convergence
similar traits have evolved independently in different clades
65
early atmosphere
carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, water vapor, hydrogen gas, other sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon compounds
66
miller-urey experiment
experiment to test if the early atmosphere could produce life, it said yes
67
autotrophic
make your own food
68
heterotrophic
eating food others made
69
major parts in the evolution of metabolism
oxygenic photosynthesis, carbon fixation, nitrogen fixation
70
stromatolites
rocks made by bacteria, time capsules of bacteria
71
dramatic shifts in climates and atmospheres led to
mass extinctions influencing the course of evolution
72
compartmentalization of cells
certain parts of cells do different things
73
the endomembrane system was created by
the infolding of the cellular membrane
74
mitochondria are the descendants of
relatives of purple sulfur bacteria
75
chloroplast are derived from
cyanobacteria
76
multicellularity lead to
cell specialization
77
gene expression allows for
specialization

biology 2 (4 decks)

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