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biology 2 > exam 1, chapters 20, 21, 22, 23, 25 > Flashcards

exam 1, chapters 20, 21, 22, 23, 25 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

natural selection causes changes in

A

allele frequencies

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2
Q

population genetics

A

study of properties of genes in a population

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3
Q

Hardy Weinberg principle

A

proportion of genotypes wont change if there arent disruptive factors involved

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4
Q

5 agents of evolutionary change

A

mutation, gene flow, assortative mating, disassortative mating, genetic drift

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5
Q

mutation

A

ultimate source of genetic variation

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6
Q

gene flow

A

movement of alleles from one population to another

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7
Q

assortative mating

A

similar looks, increases the proportion of homozygous individuals

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8
Q

disassortative. mating

A

different faces, produces heterozygotes individuals

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9
Q

genetic drift

A

changing genes by chance

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10
Q

founder effect

A

some alleles are lost and others vary in frequency

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11
Q

fitness

A

most fit is leaving the most offspring

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12
Q

intrasexual

A

fighting within your sex

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13
Q

intersexual

A

trying to please the opposite gender

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14
Q

sexual dismorphism

A

difference in sizes between sexes

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15
Q

sperm competition

A

sperm fighting sperm

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16
Q

frequency-dependent selection

A

fitness depends on its frequency within the population

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17
Q

negative frequency-dependent selection

A

rare phenotypes are favored by selection

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18
Q

positive frequency-dependent selection

A

favors common form

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19
Q

oscillating selection

A

selection favors one phenotype at one time

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20
Q

disruptive selection

A

favors extreme phenotypes

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21
Q

directional selection

A

choosing one extreme

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22
Q

stabilizing selection

A

eliminates both extremes

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23
Q

artificial selection

A

change initiated by us, choosing certain phenotypes over others

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24
Q

fossil evidence

A

organisms buried in sediment, calcium in bone mineralizes

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25
Q

estimating the age of old fossils

A

potassium K isotope

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26
Q

estimating the age of recent fossils

A

carbon C isotope

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27
Q

homologous structures

A

structures with different appearances and functions can be derived from the same body part in a common ancestor

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28
Q

vestigial structures

A

have no apparent function but resemble structures ancestors possessed

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29
Q

pseudogenes

A

traces of previously functioning genes (genes can make an extra copy of something you dont need)

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30
Q

biogeography

A

study of life and geography

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31
Q

conversion evolution

A

if conditions were the same, species would look the same

32
Q

species present on islands are often diverge from

A

continental relatives

33
Q

2 phenomena of species

A

different populations belonging to the same species, the distinctiveness of species that occur together at a single locality

34
Q

when species expand on a territory,

A

it creates a new species instead of being a variation of the species

35
Q

ring speciation

A

as species move they have subtle differences in their appearances

36
Q

gene exchange

A

sharing genes

37
Q

isolating mechanisms

A

keep species isolated, it stops genes from changing

38
Q

prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

mechanisms that prevent the formation of a zygote, BEFORE

39
Q

behavioral isolation

A

isolation between populations due to differences in courtship or mating behavior

40
Q

mechanical isolation

A

the structure of the male and female copulatory organs may be incompatible, and certain things just dont work

41
Q

temporal isolation

A

based on the time (nocturnal)

42
Q

postzygotic isolating mechanisms

A

mechanisms that prevent proper functioning of zygotes, AFTER

43
Q

hybridization

A

crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms

44
Q

biological species concept

A

definition of a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature but are not able to produce viable, fertile offspring

45
Q

ecological species concept

A

each species adapts to its environment, its YOUR role in YOUR environment

46
Q

stabilizing selection

A

maintains the species adaptations

47
Q

speciation

A

formation of new species

48
Q

allopatric speciation

A

the process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation

49
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation without a divided population, species can cross paths but choose not to, more likely to just stay in their own populations

50
Q

stopping the gene flow

A

creates new species

51
Q

adaptive radiations

A

evolving to fit different environments, leading to different appearances over time

52
Q

2 paces of evolution

A

gradualism, punctuated equilibrium

53
Q

gradualism

A

the theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily

54
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

the theory that species evolve during short periods of rapid change, occur because of outside variability

55
Q

ancestral characteristics

A

inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group

56
Q

derived characteristics

A

shared only by a subset of the group

57
Q

synapomorphies

A

shared derived characters

58
Q

plesiomorphies

A

ancestral states

59
Q

symplesiomorphies

A

shared ancestral states

60
Q

homoplasy

A

shared character state, not from a common ancestor

61
Q

biological species concept

A

defines species as groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated

62
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

species is a population or set of populations characterized by one or more shared derived characters

63
Q

phylogenetics

A

basis for all comparative biology, analysis determines homologies

64
Q

homoplastic convergence

A

similar traits have evolved independently in different clades

65
Q

early atmosphere

A

carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, water vapor, hydrogen gas, other sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon compounds

66
Q

miller-urey experiment

A

experiment to test if the early atmosphere could produce life, it said yes

67
Q

autotrophic

A

make your own food

68
Q

heterotrophic

A

eating food others made

69
Q

major parts in the evolution of metabolism

A

oxygenic photosynthesis, carbon fixation, nitrogen fixation

70
Q

stromatolites

A

rocks made by bacteria, time capsules of bacteria

71
Q

dramatic shifts in climates and atmospheres led to

A

mass extinctions influencing the course of evolution

72
Q

compartmentalization of cells

A

certain parts of cells do different things

73
Q

the endomembrane system was created by

A

the infolding of the cellular membrane

74
Q

mitochondria are the descendants of

A

relatives of purple sulfur bacteria

75
Q

chloroplast are derived from

A

cyanobacteria

76
Q

multicellularity lead to

A

cell specialization

77
Q

gene expression allows for

A

specialization

biology 2 (4 decks)

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