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Psychology > Exam 4: Chapters 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 > Flashcards

Exam 4: Chapters 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

motivation

A

-concerns the physiological and psychological process underlying the initiation of behaviors that direct organisms toward specific goals

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2
Q

homeostasis

A

-body physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment

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3
Q

drives

A
  • physiological triggers that tell us we may be deprived of something and cause us to seek out what is needed
  • food
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4
Q

incentives

A
  • goals

- stimuli we seek to reduce the drives such as social approval and companionship, food, water, and other needs

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5
Q

satiation

A
  • point in a meal where we are no longer motivated to eat

- hypothalamus = huge role in motivation to eat

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6
Q

glucose

A

-sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the brain and rest of the body

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7
Q

eating

A
  • popular foods = high in fat and sugar
  • eat for taste and texture
  • motivation to eat = pleasure
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8
Q

cravings

A
  • ignoring a craving makes it worse

- finger walk technique lessens craving by one third

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9
Q

unit bias

A
  • the tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate amount to consume
  • soda used to be 6 oz now its 20 oz
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10
Q

bottomless bowl

A

-people with bottomless bowl consumed 70% more than regular bowl

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11
Q

social facilitation

A

-eating more the longer you sit at a table

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12
Q

impression management

A
  • eating less

- control behavior so others see you in a certain way

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13
Q

modeling

A
  • eating whatever everyone else eats

- our behavior matches others

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14
Q

obesity

A

-disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

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15
Q

anorexia nervosa

A
  • eating disorder
  • self starvation
  • intense fear of gaining weight and distorted perception of body image
  • denial of serious consequences of severely low weight
  • leads to: reduced HR, BP, and respiration
  • women lose menstrual period, men lose sexual motivation
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16
Q

bulimia nervosa

A
  • eating disorder

- periods of food deprivation, binge-eating, and purging

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17
Q

libido

A

-motivation for sexual activity and pleasure

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18
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A
  • studied human sexual behavior

- developed study of sexual orientation

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19
Q

sexual orientation

A

-people fall on a spectrum and is based on a continuum

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20
Q

sex after 60

A

-lose motivation but still active

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21
Q

sexual response cycle

A

-describes the phases of physiological change during sexual activity which comprises four stages (excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution)

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22
Q

refractory period

A

-time period during which erection and orgasm are not physically possible

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23
Q

erectile dysfunction

A
  • inability to achieve or maintain an erection
  • usually due to cardiovascular problems
  • treated through meds: viagra
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24
Q

dysparaneuia

A
  • painful intercoursse
  • lack of hormones and lube
  • treatment: hormone replacement
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25
Q

depression and anxiety w/ sex

A
  • lead to decrease in sexual motivation

- treatment: through cognitive and behavioral treatments

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26
Q

cybersex

A
  • use of internet or computer for sending sexually explicit images and messages to a partner
  • 1 in 3 adults
  • reduce risk for pregnancy or STI
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27
Q

sexual orientation

A
  • consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the opposite sex (hetero), same sex (homo), or either (bi)
  • what people think and feel rather than do
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28
Q

Freud on sexual orientation

A

-homosexuality was caused by a dominating mother and weak father

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29
Q

Ellis and Ames on sexual orientation

A

-homosexuality was caused by seduction from an oder sibling or playmate

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30
Q

testosterone

A
  • hormone that is involved in development of sex characteristics and motivation of sexual behavior
  • increase in testosterone: increase in sex. motivation
  • fetal exposure: mothers level effects child
  • birth order: second child with increase testosterone = homo
  • *still researching**
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31
Q

need to belong

A
  • affiliation motivation
  • motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each persons well being
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32
Q

Maslow

A
  • developed hierarchy of needs

- start at bottom and work your way up

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33
Q

affiliation motivation

A
  • motivation to retain relationships that offer positive feelings
  • greater social support = better health
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34
Q

achievement motivation

A
  • drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals
  • need to compete with and outperform others
  • desire to master a task
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35
Q

mastery motives

A
  • motives that reflect a desire to understand or overcome a challenge
  • genuine desire to master a task
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36
Q

performance motives

A

-motives are geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition

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37
Q

approach goals

A
  • enjoyable and pleasant incentives that we are drawn toward

- praise or financial reward

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38
Q

avoidance goals

A

-unpleasant outcomes such as shame, embarrassment, or emotional pain which we try to avoid

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39
Q

cultural differences in cultures

A
  • East Asians: interested in long term results

- US: more interested in short term

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40
Q

emotion

A
  • subjective thoughts and experienes with
  • accompanying patterns of physical arousal
  • characteristic behavioral expressions
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41
Q

6 universal emotions

A
  • happy
  • sad
  • anger
  • disgust
  • surprise
  • fear
  • every culture can identify them
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42
Q

Autonomic nervous system & emotions

A
  • all emotions involve ANS

- HR, digestion, pupils, breathing, smooth muscles (automatic)

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43
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

-at rest, calm

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44
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

-aroused

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45
Q

limbic system

A
  • critical to emotional processing
  • amygdala = fear
  • sadness = frontal lobe, accessing negative memories, emotion regulation
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46
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A
  • physiological reactions to stimuli (racing heart) precede and give rise to the emotional experience (fear)
  • fear is determined by how your body responds
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47
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

-emotions such asa fear or happiness occur simultaneously with physiological components

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48
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A
  • if emotional expressions influence subjective emotional experiences, then act of forming a facial expression should elicit the specific corresponding emotion
  • consistent with James-Lange
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49
Q

Schachters two factory theory of emotion

A
  • patterns of physical arousal and cognitive labels we attach to them form the basis of our emotional experiences
  • how we interpret our physical arousal effects emotion
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50
Q

emotional dialects

A

-variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed

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51
Q

display rules

A

-refer to unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion

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52
Q

personality

A

-characteristic pattern of thinking, interacting, and reacting that is unique to each individual and remains relatively consistent over time and situations

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53
Q

idiographic approach

A

-focus on creating detailed descriptions of individuals and their unique personality characteristics

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54
Q

nomothetic approach

A

-which examines personality in large groups of people with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure

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55
Q

personality traits

A
  • labels applied to specific attributes of personality

- shy, cheerful, outgoing, adventurous

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56
Q

factor analysis

A

-reveals statistical similarities among a wide variety of items

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57
Q

five factor model

A
  • OCEAN
  • trait based approach to personality measurement
  • openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
  • NEO tests for this
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58
Q

openness

A
  • high= creative, artistic, curious etc

- low= conventional, down to earth

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59
Q

conscientiousness

A
  • high= ambitious, organized, reliable

- low= unreliable, lazy, casual, spontaneos

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60
Q

extraversion

A
  • high= talkative, optimistic, social

- low= reserved, comfortable, introverted

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61
Q

agreeableness

A
  • high= trusting, supportive

- low= rude, uncooperative, hostile

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62
Q

neuroticism

A
  • high= worried, insecure, anxiety prone

- low= tranquil, secure, emotionally stable

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63
Q

personality over a lifespan

A
  • between 10 and 20, temperament turns into personality

- between 40 and 45, most traits become stable

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64
Q

state

A
  • temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behavior
  • 4 aspects:
    1. locations
    2. associations
    3. activites
    4. subjective states
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64
Q

MMPI - 2

A
  • multiple question personality inventory that is used to characterize both normal personality dimensions and profiles that fit various psychological disorders
  • normal range (50-65) - no one falls completely within range
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65
Q

reciprocal determinism

A
  • idea that behavior, internal factor, and external factors interact to determine one another and that our personalities are based on interactions among these three aspects
  • biopsychosocial
  • individuals chose enviornments based on their personalities
  • Bandura
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66
Q

individualism

A

-view that personal identity, goals and attributes are greater than the group

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67
Q

collectivism

A

-greater value on self in terms of group membership and goals

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68
Q

four humors

A
  • blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile

- too much black = melancholy

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69
Q

phrenology

A
  • Franz Gall
  • personality characteristics corresponded to individual differences in brain structure that could be assessed by measuring shape and contours of the skull
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70
Q

brain regions

A
  • right brain = more anxious and associated with threat responses
  • left brain = positive responses and emotions
  • *actually whole brained
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71
Q

psychodynamic theories

A
  • how personality arises through complex interactions involving conscious and unconscious processes that occur from early development through adulthood
  • past behaviors can predict future behaviors
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72
Q

id

A
  • represents a collection of basic biological drives

- those directed towards sex and aggression

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73
Q

ego

A

-component of personality that keeps impulses of id in check

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74
Q

superego

A
  • was thought to develop during upbringing
  • serves as inner voice we hear when we shame ourselves for acting inappropriately or lavish praise on ourselves for doing something good
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75
Q

intrapsychic conflict

A

-abnormal behavior

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76
Q

unconscious mind

A

-impulses and drives that we are not directly aware of

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77
Q

conscious thoughts

A
  • thoughts we are aware of
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78
Q

defense mechanism

A

-unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
, guilt and other unpleasant feelings

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79
Q

repression/suppression

A

-actively drowning out thoughts, memories, or wishes

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80
Q

denial

A

-resistance to perceiving what actually occurs

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81
Q

isolation

A

-creating a mental gap between a threatening thought and other feelings or thoughts

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82
Q

reaction formation

A

-altering an unacceptable impulse into its opposite

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83
Q

fixation

A

-individual becomes preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular stage

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84
Q

oral stage

A
  • 0 to 18 months
  • pleasure: actions of mouth
  • fixation cause: overindulgence or deprivation of breastfeeding
  • result: either need oral stimulation (eating, drinking) or avoid stimulation
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85
Q

anal stage

A
  • 18 to 36 months
  • pleasure: bowel elimination, control
  • fixation cause: toilet training
  • result: being extremely neat (anal) or messy
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86
Q

phallic stage

A
  • 3 to 6 years
  • pleasure: genitals
  • male fixation: attracted to mother and hate father, scared of castration
  • female fixation: penis envy, want a penis
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87
Q

latent stage

A
  • 6 years to puberty
  • sexual interests is dormant
  • no fixation
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88
Q

genital

A
  • puberty and after
  • sexual experiences w/ other people
  • no fixation
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89
Q

projective tests

A

-personality test in which ambiguous images are presented to an individual to elicit responses that reflect unconscious desires or conflicts

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90
Q

rorschach inkblot test

A
  • subjects are asked to describe what they see on the inkblot
  • psychologists attempt to interpret what subject projects onto stimulus by using a standardized scoring and interpretation method
  • most reliable
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91
Q

thematic apperception test

A

-asks respondents to tell story about a series of 31 pics involving ambiguous interpersonal situations

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92
Q

analytical psychology

A
  • Jung, Freuds student

- describes personality as it relates to unconscious archetypes

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93
Q

archetypes

A

-mental representations of personality figures, relationships, and experiences

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94
Q

collective unconscious

A

-collection of memories that can be traced to our ancestral past

95
Q

inferiority complex

A
  • Adler and Horney

- an abnormal personality that results from struggling with feelings of inferiority in ones social environment

96
Q

humanistic psychology

A

-emphasizes the unique and positive qualities of human experience and potential

97
Q

self actualization

A
  • involves reaching our full potention

- Maslow

98
Q

person centered perspective

A
  • people are basically good and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally
  • Rogers
99
Q

self concept

A

-collection of feeling and beliefs we have about who we are

100
Q

medical model

A

-using our understanding of medical conditions to think about psychological conditions

101
Q

biopsychosocial model

A
  • understands psych disorders can develop through bio, social, psycho factor
  • ex: depression
102
Q

abnormal psychology

A
  • psychological study of mental illness
  • marked by distress to self and others
  • maladaptive: hinders persons ability to function
  • ex: cutting burning etc
103
Q

unusual psychology

A
  • different

- uncommon

104
Q

DSM-5

A
  • manual establishes criteria for the diagnosis of mental disorders
  • advantages: lists of symptoms, specific
  • disadvantages: year behind on new info, doesnt offer treatment or cause
105
Q

diagnosing

A

-need to know symptoms, etiology, and prognosis

106
Q

dimensional view

A
  • puts everything on a spectrum
  • matter of degree
  • can cause over diagnosing
107
Q

categorical view

A
  • seperate disorders with unique presentations

- straight forward, more of a checklist

108
Q

insanity defense

A
  • legal strategy of claiming that a defendant was unable to differentiate between right and wrong when the criminal act was committed
  • M’Naghten killed prime minister secretary but was not guilty by reason of insanity
  • Dahmer - found guilty because he showed remorse and guilt
109
Q

personality disorders

A

-unusual patterns of behavior for ones culture that are maladaptive, distressing to oneself or others, and resistant to change

110
Q

Cluster A - odd, eccentric

A
  • paranoid personality disorder - pattern of distrust and suspicion
  • schizoid personality disorder - detached from social relationship
  • schizotypal disorder - discomfort in close relationships
111
Q

Cluster B - Dramatic, emotional, erratic

A
  • antisocial PD - violation of rights of others
  • Borderline PD - instable relationships, self image, affect, and impulsive
  • histrionic PD - excessive emotionality and attention seeking
  • narcissistic PD - grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy
112
Q

Cluster C - Anxious, fearful, inhibited

A
  • avoidant PD - social inhibition, inadequacy, hypersensitive
  • dependent PD - submissive and clingy, need to be taken care of
  • obsessive compulsive PD - preoccupation w/ orderliness and control
113
Q

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

A
  • intense extremes between positive and negative emotions, unstable sense of self, impulsivity, and difficult social relationships
  • cluster B
  • do not want to kill them self, non suicidal self injury
114
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)

A
  • inflated sense of self importance and intense need for attention and admiration, as well as intense self doubt and fear of abandonment
  • manipulative - dont know any better/how to manage emotions
  • student who engage in academic dishonesty
115
Q

Histrionic personality Disorder (HPD)

A
  • excessive attention seeking and dramatic behavior
  • histrionic = like an actor
  • successful at drawing people in (flirtatious and flattering)
  • shallow - do something to get what they want
  • lack emotional maturity
116
Q

Antisocial personality disorder (APD)

A
  • condition marked by habitual pattern of willingly violation others’ personal rights with very little sign of empathy or remorse
  • criminal activities, abusive and destructive
  • more common in men, present in childhood can grow out of it
117
Q

biophyschosocial approach

A
  • consists of biological factors, psychological factors, sociocultural factors
  • all may lead to someone developing a PD
118
Q

psychological factors

A
  • unique to individual
  • unique idiosocratic view of self and world (cognitive)
  • thinking process impacts behavior
119
Q

sociocultural factors

A
  • what happens around them
  • most experience abuse and invalidation
  • violation of someones experience
120
Q

biological factors

A
  • genes that contribute to emotional instability
  • limbic system (general emotions) and frontal lobes (impulse control, emotion regulation, insight)
  • temperament = if short tempered, at risk for developing PD
121
Q

comorbidity

A
  • presence of two disorders simultaneously, or presence of a second disorder that affects the one being treated
  • often substance abuse
  • APD and BPD are most commonly and reliably diagnosed personality disorders
122
Q

dissociative disorder

A
  • category of mental disorders characterized by a split between conscious awareness from feeling, cognition, memory, and identity
  • pathological when happens often and in chunks
123
Q

dissociative fugue

A
  • profound autobiographical memory loss

- develop new identities without recollection of their past

124
Q

depersonalization disorder

A

-belief that one has changed in some fundamental way, possibly ceasing to be real

125
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

-severe loss of memory usually for a specific stressful event, when no biological cause for amnesia is present

126
Q

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A
  • sometimes referred to as multiple personality disorder
  • person claims that his or her identity has split into one or more distinct alter personalities
  • rarely diagnosed and diff to test for
127
Q

anxiety disorders

A
  • category of disorders involving fear or nervousness that is excessive, irrational, and maladaptive
  • most frequently diagnosed
  • cycle format, self perpetuating
128
Q

generalized anxiety (GAD)

A
  • frequently elevated levels of anxiety that are not directed at or limited to any particular situation
  • difficult to identify the stressor
  • triggered by life event
129
Q

Panic disorder

A

-anxiety disorder marked by repeated episodes of sudden, very intense fear

130
Q

agoraphobia

A
  • intense fear of having a panic attack or lower level panic symptoms in public
  • have exit strategy
131
Q

special phobias

A

-intense fear of an object, activity or organism

132
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

-irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, or embarrassed in public

133
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A
  • unwanted, inappropriate, and persistent thoughts (obsessions), repetitive stereotypes behavior (compulsions) or a combination of both
  • gets in way of social functioning , know what they have is not normal
134
Q

major depression

A

-prolonged periods of sadness, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, social withdrawal and cognitive and physical sluggishness

135
Q

internalizing

A

-way depressed people think about themselves

136
Q

stabilizing

A
  • hopeless

- things will never change

137
Q

globalize

A

-apply negative thoughts to everything and external situations

138
Q

bipolar disorder

A
  • aka manic depression
  • extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation, and energy
  • mania = energetic, no distress, impusiveness, racing thoughts, no sleep, risky behaviors etc
  • suicide rates are highest when coming out of depression to mania
  • more severe the manic, worse depression
139
Q

type 1 bipolar

A
  • mania lasts from a week to 2 weeks

- diagnosed through hospitalization

140
Q

type 2 bipolar disordeer

A
  • hypomania = watered down mania (4 days)

- less severe than type 1

141
Q

mood disorders

A
  • influenced by sociocultural and environmental factors

- increased daily stress, vulnerability to negative events, and disrupted social ties can lead to mood disorders

142
Q

suicide

A
  • 11th most frequent cause of death
  • leading causes in older adults
  • most common in white males above 60 with a gun
  • male suicide attempts are more lethal (gun) rather than pills or cutting
  • adolescence = greater risk of depression rather than suicide
143
Q

schizophrenia

A
  • collection of disorders characterized by chronic and significant break from reality, lack of integration of thought and emotions, and serious problems with attention and memory
  • not violent !! or geniuses !!
144
Q

hallucinations

A

-false perceptions of reality such as hearing internal voices, sensory

145
Q

delusions

A

-false beliefs about reality, cognitive

146
Q

paranoid schizophrenia

A
  • dellusional beliefs that one is being followed, watched or persecuted
  • dellusions of grandeur
147
Q

disorganized schizophrenia

A
  • thoughts, speech, behavior, and emotion that are poorly integrated and coherent
  • unpredictable mannerisms
148
Q

catatonic schizophrenia

A

-episodes where a person remains mute and immobile in bizarre positions

149
Q

undifferentiated schizophrenia

A
  • category includes individuals who show combo of symptoms for more than one type of schizophrenia
  • most common
150
Q

residual schizophrenia

A

-individuals show some symptoms of schizophrenia but are in transition to a full blown episode or in remission

151
Q

positive symptoms

A
  • added
  • confused and paranoid thinking
  • inappropriate emotional reactions
152
Q

negative symptoms

A
  • taken away
  • absence of adaptive behavior
  • lack of speech, no motivation
153
Q

psychotherapy

A

-process for resolving personal, emotional, behavioral, and social problems so as to improve well-being

154
Q

clinical psychologist

A

-mental health professionals with doctoral degrees who diagnose and treat mental health problems ranging from the everyday to the chronic and severe

155
Q

counseling psychologist

A

-mental health professionals who typically work with people needing help with common problems such as stress, coping, and mild forms of anxiety and depression, rather than mental disorders

156
Q

clinical social workers and psychiatric nurses

A

-conduct therapy to help people cope with psychological problems

157
Q

psychiatrists

A

-physicians who specialize in mental health and who diagnose and treat mental disorders primarily through prescribing meds that influence brain chemistry

158
Q

deinstitutionalization

A

-movement pushed for returning people from mental institutions to their communities and families enabling them to receive treatment on an outpatient basis

159
Q

residential treatment centers

A

-provide psychotherapy and life skills training so that the residents can become integrated into society to the greatest extent possible

160
Q

community psychology

A

-focuses on identifying how individuals mental health is influence by the neighborhood, economics, social groups, and other community bases variables

161
Q

empirically supported treatments

A
  • aka evidence based theories

- treatments that have been tested and evaluated using sound research designs

162
Q

therapeutic alliance

A

-relationship that emerges in therapy

163
Q

insight therapies

A

-general term referring to psychotherapy that involves dialogue between client and therapist for purpose of gaining awareness and understanding the psychological problems and conflicts

164
Q

psychodynamic therapies

A

-forms insight therapy that emphasizes the need to discover and resolve unconscious conflicts

165
Q

psychoanalysis

A
  • insight therapy developed by Freud that become precursor to odern psychodynamic theories
  • unconscious motivations influence how we think and behave
166
Q

free association

A

-instructs pt to reveal any thoughts that arise, no matter how odd or meaningless they may seem

167
Q

dream analysis

A

-method of understanding unconscious through by interpreting the manifest content (what happens in the dream) to get a sense of the latent content (unconscious elements that motivated the dream)

168
Q

resistance

A

-tendency to avoid directly answering crucial questions posed by a therapist

169
Q

transferrence

A

-psychoanalytic process that involves patients directing the emotional experiences that they are reliving toward a therapist

170
Q

object relations therapy

A

-variation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on how early childhood experiences and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning

171
Q

person/client centered therapy

A

-focuses on individuals abilities to solve their own problems and reach their full potential with therapist encouragement

172
Q

behavioral therapies

A

-adress problem behaviors and thoughts and the environmental factors that trigger them, as directly as possible

173
Q

exposure treatments

A

-process in which exposure to the feared situation is completed gradually and under controlled conditions

174
Q

systematic desensitization

A

-technique in which gradual exposure to a feared stimulus or situation is blended with relaxation training

175
Q

aversive conditioning

A
  • behavioral technique that involves replacing a positive response to a stimulus with a negative response
  • typically by using punishment
176
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

-form of therapy that consists of procedures such as exposure, cognitive restructuring, and stress inoculation training

177
Q

group therapy

A
  • less costly
  • organized to fit needs
  • systems approach
178
Q

systems approach

A

-orientation toward family therapy that involves identifying and understanding what each individual family member contributes to the family dynamic

179
Q

behavioral therapies are effective for

A
  • anxiety disorders
  • OCD
  • specific phobias
  • problematic behaviors
180
Q

cognitive behavioral therapies effective for

A
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • eating disorders
181
Q

dialectic behavior therapy

A
  • used in treatment of borderline personality disorder
  • mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness
  • effective in decreasing NSSIB among this population
182
Q

psychopharmacotherapy

A

-process of treating psychological disorders with drugs

183
Q

psychotropic drugs

A

-medications designed to alter psychological functioning

184
Q

blood brain barrier

A

-network of tightly packed cells that only allow specific types of substances to move from the blood stream to the brain

185
Q

antidepressant drugs

A

-medications prescribed to elevate mood and reduce other symptoms of depression

186
Q

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

A

-antidepressant that deactivates monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine at the synaptic clefts of nerve cells

187
Q

tricyclic antidepressants

A
  • earliest types of antidepressants

- block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

188
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

-antidepressant drug that block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin

189
Q

mood stabilizer

A

-prevent or reduce manic side of bipolar disorder

190
Q

lithium

A

-one of first mood stabilizers to be prescribes regularly in psychiatry

191
Q

antianxiety drugs

A

-alleviate nervousness and tension, prevent and reduce panic attacks

192
Q

antipsychotic drugs

A
  • treat disorders such as schizophrenia

- prescribed to people with severe mood disorders

193
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A
  • neurological condition marked by involuntary movements and facial tics
194
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

-electrical current is passed through brain to induce a temporary seizure

195
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

-therapeutic technique in which a focal area of the brain is exposed to a powerful but safe magnetic field

196
Q

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A

-electrically stimulating highly specific regions in brain

197
Q

social psychology

A
  • broad feild of study that includes how individuals perceive and think about other people, as well as how the presence of other people can influence individuals behavior
  • where we are vs who we are
198
Q

Social norms

A
  • usually unwritten

- guidelines for how to behave in social contexts

199
Q

Social rules

A

-specific set of behaviors that are associated with a position within a group

200
Q

Stanford prison study

A
  • volunteers randomly were assigned as guards or prisoners

- each took role so seriously that researchers called it off before it was completed

201
Q

Mimicry

A

-occurs when one person copies another’s behavior

202
Q

Conformity

A

-change in behavior to fit in with a group

203
Q

Social loafing

A
  • individual working as part of a group or team reduces his or her effort
  • effort will not help performance
  • my performance won’t make a difference in group
  • reward is not personal
  • no one else is trying hard
204
Q

Social facilitation

A
  • occurs when an individual’s performance is better in the presence of others than when alone
  • presence of audience can help or hurt
205
Q

Group think

A

-a decision making problem in which group members avoid arguments and strive for agreement

206
Q

Obedience

A

-complying with instructions or orders from an individual who is in a position of authority

207
Q

Migrams study

A

-people listened to authority even just as much as a white lab coat

208
Q

Group polarization

A

-Members of a group discuss characteristic attitudes of their group and, as a result, their views become stronger

209
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

-Individual has two thoughts (cognitions) that are inconsistent with each other (dissonance) and as a result, experiences motivation to reduce the discrepancy

210
Q

Intuitive though

A
  • Quick, effortless, automatic thinking

- requires great effort when trying to control it

211
Q

Deliberative thought

A
  • more careful, effortful and rational process

- slower, requires some effort, and usually takes place one step at a time

212
Q

Person perception

A

-refers to the process by which individuals form judgements and categorize other people

213
Q

Schemas

A

-Cluster of knowledge and expectations about individuals and groups

214
Q

Thin slices

A

-basing judgements of others on very limited information

215
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A
  • occurs when a first impression affects the observers behavior and as a result, the first impression comes true
  • when a teacher has high expectations they spend less time addressing behavior, more challenging work and more criticism
216
Q

Attributions

A

-explanations we make about the causes of behavior

217
Q

Internal attributions

A
  • aka dispositional attribution

- observer explains the actors behavior as due to some intrinsic quality of the actor

218
Q

External attribution

A
  • aka situational attribution

- observer explains actors behavioral result of he social context

219
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

-tendency to make internal attributions for others behaviors while ignoring external influences

220
Q

Self serving bias

A
  • use internal attributions when we do something well

- external attributions when we fail or make mistakes

221
Q

stereotype

A

-set of beliefs about a group of people

222
Q

Prejudice

A

-attitude based on stereotypes that includes emotions and value judgements as well

223
Q

Discrimination

A

-behavior based on prejudice

224
Q

Out group

A

-collection of people perceived as difference

225
Q

In group bias

A

-attribute positive qualities to the social group we belong to

226
Q

Empathy

A

-emotional concerns one individual has for another’s well being

227
Q

Pro social behaviors

A

-behaviors that promote social functioning, group cohesion, or well being of individuals within the group

228
Q

Anti social behaviors

A

-serve one individual or small group at the expense of the greater community

229
Q

Willingness to help depends on

A
  • situation
  • the individual
  • group membership
  • social exchange theory
230
Q

Social exchange theory

A

-individual will consider costs and benefits of helping another before he or she acts

231
Q

Altruism

A

-Helping others in need without receiving or expecting reward for doing so

232
Q

Social responsibility norm

A

-Society teaches us the value of helping goes beyond the benefits an individual might receive and that individuals who cannot help themselves require special help

233
Q

Bystander effect

A

-individual in a group does not provide help either because the person believes someone else will help or because others aren’t helping either

234
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

-people feel less empathy because no one else shows empathy

235
Q

Aggression

A
  • behavior intended to hurt or harm someone
  • physical
  • verbal
  • sporting events
  • insults or threats

Psychology (4 decks)

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