Exam 4: Chapters 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 Flashcards
1
Q
motivation
A
-concerns the physiological and psychological process underlying the initiation of behaviors that direct organisms toward specific goals
2
Q
homeostasis
A
-body physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment
3
Q
drives
A
- physiological triggers that tell us we may be deprived of something and cause us to seek out what is needed
- food
4
Q
incentives
A
- goals
- stimuli we seek to reduce the drives such as social approval and companionship, food, water, and other needs
5
Q
satiation
A
- point in a meal where we are no longer motivated to eat
- hypothalamus = huge role in motivation to eat
6
Q
glucose
A
-sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the brain and rest of the body
7
Q
eating
A
- popular foods = high in fat and sugar
- eat for taste and texture
- motivation to eat = pleasure
8
Q
cravings
A
- ignoring a craving makes it worse
- finger walk technique lessens craving by one third
9
Q
unit bias
A
- the tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate amount to consume
- soda used to be 6 oz now its 20 oz
10
Q
bottomless bowl
A
-people with bottomless bowl consumed 70% more than regular bowl
11
Q
social facilitation
A
-eating more the longer you sit at a table
12
Q
impression management
A
- eating less
- control behavior so others see you in a certain way
13
Q
modeling
A
- eating whatever everyone else eats
- our behavior matches others
14
Q
obesity
A
-disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure
15
Q
anorexia nervosa
A
- eating disorder
- self starvation
- intense fear of gaining weight and distorted perception of body image
- denial of serious consequences of severely low weight
- leads to: reduced HR, BP, and respiration
- women lose menstrual period, men lose sexual motivation
16
Q
bulimia nervosa
A
- eating disorder
- periods of food deprivation, binge-eating, and purging
17
Q
libido
A
-motivation for sexual activity and pleasure
18
Q
Alfred Kinsey
A
- studied human sexual behavior
- developed study of sexual orientation
19
Q
sexual orientation
A
-people fall on a spectrum and is based on a continuum
20
Q
sex after 60
A
-lose motivation but still active
21
Q
sexual response cycle
A
-describes the phases of physiological change during sexual activity which comprises four stages (excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution)
22
Q
refractory period
A
-time period during which erection and orgasm are not physically possible
23
Q
erectile dysfunction
A
- inability to achieve or maintain an erection
- usually due to cardiovascular problems
- treated through meds: viagra
24
Q
dysparaneuia
A
- painful intercoursse
- lack of hormones and lube
- treatment: hormone replacement
25
depression and anxiety w/ sex
- lead to decrease in sexual motivation
| - treatment: through cognitive and behavioral treatments
26
cybersex
- use of internet or computer for sending sexually explicit images and messages to a partner
- 1 in 3 adults
- reduce risk for pregnancy or STI
27
sexual orientation
- consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the opposite sex (hetero), same sex (homo), or either (bi)
- what people think and feel rather than do
28
Freud on sexual orientation
-homosexuality was caused by a dominating mother and weak father
29
Ellis and Ames on sexual orientation
-homosexuality was caused by seduction from an oder sibling or playmate
30
testosterone
- hormone that is involved in development of sex characteristics and motivation of sexual behavior
- increase in testosterone: increase in sex. motivation
- fetal exposure: mothers level effects child
- birth order: second child with increase testosterone = homo
* *still researching**
31
need to belong
- affiliation motivation
- motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each persons well being
32
Maslow
- developed hierarchy of needs
| - start at bottom and work your way up
33
affiliation motivation
- motivation to retain relationships that offer positive feelings
- greater social support = better health
34
achievement motivation
- drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals
- need to compete with and outperform others
- desire to master a task
35
mastery motives
- motives that reflect a desire to understand or overcome a challenge
- genuine desire to master a task
36
performance motives
-motives are geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition
37
approach goals
- enjoyable and pleasant incentives that we are drawn toward
| - praise or financial reward
38
avoidance goals
-unpleasant outcomes such as shame, embarrassment, or emotional pain which we try to avoid
39
cultural differences in cultures
- East Asians: interested in long term results
| - US: more interested in short term
40
emotion
- subjective thoughts and experienes with
- accompanying patterns of physical arousal
- characteristic behavioral expressions
41
6 universal emotions
- happy
- sad
- anger
- disgust
- surprise
- fear
* every culture can identify them
42
Autonomic nervous system & emotions
- all emotions involve ANS
| - HR, digestion, pupils, breathing, smooth muscles (automatic)
43
parasympathetic nervous system
-at rest, calm
44
sympathetic nervous system
-aroused
45
limbic system
- critical to emotional processing
- amygdala = fear
- sadness = frontal lobe, accessing negative memories, emotion regulation
46
James-Lange theory of emotion
- physiological reactions to stimuli (racing heart) precede and give rise to the emotional experience (fear)
- fear is determined by how your body responds
47
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
-emotions such asa fear or happiness occur simultaneously with physiological components
48
facial feedback hypothesis
- if emotional expressions influence subjective emotional experiences, then act of forming a facial expression should elicit the specific corresponding emotion
- consistent with James-Lange
49
Schachters two factory theory of emotion
- patterns of physical arousal and cognitive labels we attach to them form the basis of our emotional experiences
- how we interpret our physical arousal effects emotion
50
emotional dialects
-variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed
51
display rules
-refer to unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion
52
personality
-characteristic pattern of thinking, interacting, and reacting that is unique to each individual and remains relatively consistent over time and situations
53
idiographic approach
-focus on creating detailed descriptions of individuals and their unique personality characteristics
54
nomothetic approach
-which examines personality in large groups of people with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure
55
personality traits
- labels applied to specific attributes of personality
| - shy, cheerful, outgoing, adventurous
56
factor analysis
-reveals statistical similarities among a wide variety of items
57
five factor model
- OCEAN
- trait based approach to personality measurement
- openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
- NEO tests for this
58
openness
- high= creative, artistic, curious etc
| - low= conventional, down to earth
59
conscientiousness
- high= ambitious, organized, reliable
| - low= unreliable, lazy, casual, spontaneos
60
extraversion
- high= talkative, optimistic, social
| - low= reserved, comfortable, introverted
61
agreeableness
- high= trusting, supportive
| - low= rude, uncooperative, hostile
62
neuroticism
- high= worried, insecure, anxiety prone
| - low= tranquil, secure, emotionally stable
63
personality over a lifespan
- between 10 and 20, temperament turns into personality
| - between 40 and 45, most traits become stable
64
state
- temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behavior
- 4 aspects:
1. locations
2. associations
3. activites
4. subjective states
64
MMPI - 2
- multiple question personality inventory that is used to characterize both normal personality dimensions and profiles that fit various psychological disorders
- normal range (50-65) - no one falls completely within range
65
reciprocal determinism
- idea that behavior, internal factor, and external factors interact to determine one another and that our personalities are based on interactions among these three aspects
- biopsychosocial
- individuals chose enviornments based on their personalities
- Bandura
66
individualism
-view that personal identity, goals and attributes are greater than the group
67
collectivism
-greater value on self in terms of group membership and goals
68
four humors
- blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
| - too much black = melancholy
69
phrenology
- Franz Gall
- personality characteristics corresponded to individual differences in brain structure that could be assessed by measuring shape and contours of the skull
70
brain regions
- right brain = more anxious and associated with threat responses
- left brain = positive responses and emotions
* *actually whole brained
71
psychodynamic theories
- how personality arises through complex interactions involving conscious and unconscious processes that occur from early development through adulthood
- past behaviors can predict future behaviors
72
id
- represents a collection of basic biological drives
| - those directed towards sex and aggression
73
ego
-component of personality that keeps impulses of id in check
74
superego
- was thought to develop during upbringing
- serves as inner voice we hear when we shame ourselves for acting inappropriately or lavish praise on ourselves for doing something good
75
intrapsychic conflict
-abnormal behavior
76
unconscious mind
-impulses and drives that we are not directly aware of
77
conscious thoughts
- thoughts we are aware of
78
defense mechanism
-unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
, guilt and other unpleasant feelings
79
repression/suppression
-actively drowning out thoughts, memories, or wishes
80
denial
-resistance to perceiving what actually occurs
81
isolation
-creating a mental gap between a threatening thought and other feelings or thoughts
82
reaction formation
-altering an unacceptable impulse into its opposite
83
fixation
-individual becomes preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular stage
84
oral stage
- 0 to 18 months
- pleasure: actions of mouth
- fixation cause: overindulgence or deprivation of breastfeeding
- result: either need oral stimulation (eating, drinking) or avoid stimulation
85
anal stage
- 18 to 36 months
- pleasure: bowel elimination, control
- fixation cause: toilet training
- result: being extremely neat (anal) or messy
86
phallic stage
- 3 to 6 years
- pleasure: genitals
- male fixation: attracted to mother and hate father, scared of castration
- female fixation: penis envy, want a penis
87
latent stage
- 6 years to puberty
- sexual interests is dormant
- no fixation
88
genital
- puberty and after
- sexual experiences w/ other people
- no fixation
89
projective tests
-personality test in which ambiguous images are presented to an individual to elicit responses that reflect unconscious desires or conflicts
90
rorschach inkblot test
- subjects are asked to describe what they see on the inkblot
- psychologists attempt to interpret what subject projects onto stimulus by using a standardized scoring and interpretation method
- most reliable
91
thematic apperception test
-asks respondents to tell story about a series of 31 pics involving ambiguous interpersonal situations
92
analytical psychology
- Jung, Freuds student
| - describes personality as it relates to unconscious archetypes
93
archetypes
-mental representations of personality figures, relationships, and experiences
94
collective unconscious
-collection of memories that can be traced to our ancestral past
95
inferiority complex
- Adler and Horney
| - an abnormal personality that results from struggling with feelings of inferiority in ones social environment
96
humanistic psychology
-emphasizes the unique and positive qualities of human experience and potential
97
self actualization
- involves reaching our full potention
| - Maslow
98
person centered perspective
- people are basically good and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally
- Rogers
99
self concept
-collection of feeling and beliefs we have about who we are
100
medical model
-using our understanding of medical conditions to think about psychological conditions
101
biopsychosocial model
- understands psych disorders can develop through bio, social, psycho factor
- ex: depression
102
abnormal psychology
- psychological study of mental illness
- marked by distress to self and others
- maladaptive: hinders persons ability to function
- ex: cutting burning etc
103
unusual psychology
- different
| - uncommon
104
DSM-5
- manual establishes criteria for the diagnosis of mental disorders
- advantages: lists of symptoms, specific
- disadvantages: year behind on new info, doesnt offer treatment or cause
105
diagnosing
-need to know symptoms, etiology, and prognosis
106
dimensional view
- puts everything on a spectrum
- matter of degree
- can cause over diagnosing
107
categorical view
- seperate disorders with unique presentations
| - straight forward, more of a checklist
108
insanity defense
- legal strategy of claiming that a defendant was unable to differentiate between right and wrong when the criminal act was committed
- M'Naghten killed prime minister secretary but was not guilty by reason of insanity
- Dahmer - found guilty because he showed remorse and guilt
109
personality disorders
-unusual patterns of behavior for ones culture that are maladaptive, distressing to oneself or others, and resistant to change
110
Cluster A - odd, eccentric
- paranoid personality disorder - pattern of distrust and suspicion
- schizoid personality disorder - detached from social relationship
- schizotypal disorder - discomfort in close relationships
111
Cluster B - Dramatic, emotional, erratic
- antisocial PD - violation of rights of others
- Borderline PD - instable relationships, self image, affect, and impulsive
- histrionic PD - excessive emotionality and attention seeking
- narcissistic PD - grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy
112
Cluster C - Anxious, fearful, inhibited
- avoidant PD - social inhibition, inadequacy, hypersensitive
- dependent PD - submissive and clingy, need to be taken care of
- obsessive compulsive PD - preoccupation w/ orderliness and control
113
Borderline personality disorder (BPD)
- intense extremes between positive and negative emotions, unstable sense of self, impulsivity, and difficult social relationships
- cluster B
- do not want to kill them self, non suicidal self injury
114
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)
- inflated sense of self importance and intense need for attention and admiration, as well as intense self doubt and fear of abandonment
- manipulative - dont know any better/how to manage emotions
- student who engage in academic dishonesty
115
Histrionic personality Disorder (HPD)
- excessive attention seeking and dramatic behavior
- histrionic = like an actor
- successful at drawing people in (flirtatious and flattering)
- shallow - do something to get what they want
- lack emotional maturity
116
Antisocial personality disorder (APD)
- condition marked by habitual pattern of willingly violation others' personal rights with very little sign of empathy or remorse
- criminal activities, abusive and destructive
- more common in men, present in childhood can grow out of it
117
biophyschosocial approach
- consists of biological factors, psychological factors, sociocultural factors
- all may lead to someone developing a PD
118
psychological factors
- unique to individual
- unique idiosocratic view of self and world (cognitive)
- thinking process impacts behavior
119
sociocultural factors
- what happens around them
- most experience abuse and invalidation
- violation of someones experience
120
biological factors
- genes that contribute to emotional instability
- limbic system (general emotions) and frontal lobes (impulse control, emotion regulation, insight)
- temperament = if short tempered, at risk for developing PD
121
comorbidity
- presence of two disorders simultaneously, or presence of a second disorder that affects the one being treated
- often substance abuse
- APD and BPD are most commonly and reliably diagnosed personality disorders
122
dissociative disorder
- category of mental disorders characterized by a split between conscious awareness from feeling, cognition, memory, and identity
- pathological when happens often and in chunks
123
dissociative fugue
- profound autobiographical memory loss
| - develop new identities without recollection of their past
124
depersonalization disorder
-belief that one has changed in some fundamental way, possibly ceasing to be real
125
dissociative amnesia
-severe loss of memory usually for a specific stressful event, when no biological cause for amnesia is present
126
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
- sometimes referred to as multiple personality disorder
- person claims that his or her identity has split into one or more distinct alter personalities
- rarely diagnosed and diff to test for
127
anxiety disorders
- category of disorders involving fear or nervousness that is excessive, irrational, and maladaptive
- most frequently diagnosed
- cycle format, self perpetuating
128
generalized anxiety (GAD)
- frequently elevated levels of anxiety that are not directed at or limited to any particular situation
- difficult to identify the stressor
- triggered by life event
129
Panic disorder
-anxiety disorder marked by repeated episodes of sudden, very intense fear
130
agoraphobia
- intense fear of having a panic attack or lower level panic symptoms in public
- have exit strategy
131
special phobias
-intense fear of an object, activity or organism
132
social anxiety disorder
-irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, or embarrassed in public
133
Obsessive compulsive disorder
- unwanted, inappropriate, and persistent thoughts (obsessions), repetitive stereotypes behavior (compulsions) or a combination of both
- gets in way of social functioning , know what they have is not normal
134
major depression
-prolonged periods of sadness, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, social withdrawal and cognitive and physical sluggishness
135
internalizing
-way depressed people think about themselves
136
stabilizing
- hopeless
| - things will never change
137
globalize
-apply negative thoughts to everything and external situations
138
bipolar disorder
- aka manic depression
- extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation, and energy
- mania = energetic, no distress, impusiveness, racing thoughts, no sleep, risky behaviors etc
- suicide rates are highest when coming out of depression to mania
- more severe the manic, worse depression
139
type 1 bipolar
- mania lasts from a week to 2 weeks
| - diagnosed through hospitalization
140
type 2 bipolar disordeer
- hypomania = watered down mania (4 days)
| - less severe than type 1
141
mood disorders
- influenced by sociocultural and environmental factors
| - increased daily stress, vulnerability to negative events, and disrupted social ties can lead to mood disorders
142
suicide
- 11th most frequent cause of death
- leading causes in older adults
- most common in white males above 60 with a gun
- male suicide attempts are more lethal (gun) rather than pills or cutting
- adolescence = greater risk of depression rather than suicide
143
schizophrenia
- collection of disorders characterized by chronic and significant break from reality, lack of integration of thought and emotions, and serious problems with attention and memory
- not violent !! or geniuses !!
144
hallucinations
-false perceptions of reality such as hearing internal voices, sensory
145
delusions
-false beliefs about reality, cognitive
146
paranoid schizophrenia
- dellusional beliefs that one is being followed, watched or persecuted
- dellusions of grandeur
147
disorganized schizophrenia
- thoughts, speech, behavior, and emotion that are poorly integrated and coherent
- unpredictable mannerisms
148
catatonic schizophrenia
-episodes where a person remains mute and immobile in bizarre positions
149
undifferentiated schizophrenia
- category includes individuals who show combo of symptoms for more than one type of schizophrenia
- most common
150
residual schizophrenia
-individuals show some symptoms of schizophrenia but are in transition to a full blown episode or in remission
151
positive symptoms
- added
- confused and paranoid thinking
- inappropriate emotional reactions
152
negative symptoms
- taken away
- absence of adaptive behavior
- lack of speech, no motivation
153
psychotherapy
-process for resolving personal, emotional, behavioral, and social problems so as to improve well-being
154
clinical psychologist
-mental health professionals with doctoral degrees who diagnose and treat mental health problems ranging from the everyday to the chronic and severe
155
counseling psychologist
-mental health professionals who typically work with people needing help with common problems such as stress, coping, and mild forms of anxiety and depression, rather than mental disorders
156
clinical social workers and psychiatric nurses
-conduct therapy to help people cope with psychological problems
157
psychiatrists
-physicians who specialize in mental health and who diagnose and treat mental disorders primarily through prescribing meds that influence brain chemistry
158
deinstitutionalization
-movement pushed for returning people from mental institutions to their communities and families enabling them to receive treatment on an outpatient basis
159
residential treatment centers
-provide psychotherapy and life skills training so that the residents can become integrated into society to the greatest extent possible
160
community psychology
-focuses on identifying how individuals mental health is influence by the neighborhood, economics, social groups, and other community bases variables
161
empirically supported treatments
- aka evidence based theories
| - treatments that have been tested and evaluated using sound research designs
162
therapeutic alliance
-relationship that emerges in therapy
163
insight therapies
-general term referring to psychotherapy that involves dialogue between client and therapist for purpose of gaining awareness and understanding the psychological problems and conflicts
164
psychodynamic therapies
-forms insight therapy that emphasizes the need to discover and resolve unconscious conflicts
165
psychoanalysis
- insight therapy developed by Freud that become precursor to odern psychodynamic theories
- unconscious motivations influence how we think and behave
166
free association
-instructs pt to reveal any thoughts that arise, no matter how odd or meaningless they may seem
167
dream analysis
-method of understanding unconscious through by interpreting the manifest content (what happens in the dream) to get a sense of the latent content (unconscious elements that motivated the dream)
168
resistance
-tendency to avoid directly answering crucial questions posed by a therapist
169
transferrence
-psychoanalytic process that involves patients directing the emotional experiences that they are reliving toward a therapist
170
object relations therapy
-variation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on how early childhood experiences and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning
171
person/client centered therapy
-focuses on individuals abilities to solve their own problems and reach their full potential with therapist encouragement
172
behavioral therapies
-adress problem behaviors and thoughts and the environmental factors that trigger them, as directly as possible
173
exposure treatments
-process in which exposure to the feared situation is completed gradually and under controlled conditions
174
systematic desensitization
-technique in which gradual exposure to a feared stimulus or situation is blended with relaxation training
175
aversive conditioning
- behavioral technique that involves replacing a positive response to a stimulus with a negative response
- typically by using punishment
176
cognitive behavioral therapy
-form of therapy that consists of procedures such as exposure, cognitive restructuring, and stress inoculation training
177
group therapy
- less costly
- organized to fit needs
- systems approach
178
systems approach
-orientation toward family therapy that involves identifying and understanding what each individual family member contributes to the family dynamic
179
behavioral therapies are effective for
- anxiety disorders
- OCD
- specific phobias
- problematic behaviors
180
cognitive behavioral therapies effective for
- depression
- anxiety
- eating disorders
181
dialectic behavior therapy
- used in treatment of borderline personality disorder
- mindfulness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness
- effective in decreasing NSSIB among this population
182
psychopharmacotherapy
-process of treating psychological disorders with drugs
183
psychotropic drugs
-medications designed to alter psychological functioning
184
blood brain barrier
-network of tightly packed cells that only allow specific types of substances to move from the blood stream to the brain
185
antidepressant drugs
-medications prescribed to elevate mood and reduce other symptoms of depression
186
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
-antidepressant that deactivates monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine at the synaptic clefts of nerve cells
187
tricyclic antidepressants
- earliest types of antidepressants
| - block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
188
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
-antidepressant drug that block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin
189
mood stabilizer
-prevent or reduce manic side of bipolar disorder
190
lithium
-one of first mood stabilizers to be prescribes regularly in psychiatry
191
antianxiety drugs
-alleviate nervousness and tension, prevent and reduce panic attacks
192
antipsychotic drugs
- treat disorders such as schizophrenia
| - prescribed to people with severe mood disorders
193
tardive dyskinesia
- neurological condition marked by involuntary movements and facial tics
194
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
-electrical current is passed through brain to induce a temporary seizure
195
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
-therapeutic technique in which a focal area of the brain is exposed to a powerful but safe magnetic field
196
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
-electrically stimulating highly specific regions in brain
197
social psychology
- broad feild of study that includes how individuals perceive and think about other people, as well as how the presence of other people can influence individuals behavior
- where we are vs who we are
198
Social norms
- usually unwritten
| - guidelines for how to behave in social contexts
199
Social rules
-specific set of behaviors that are associated with a position within a group
200
Stanford prison study
- volunteers randomly were assigned as guards or prisoners
| - each took role so seriously that researchers called it off before it was completed
201
Mimicry
-occurs when one person copies another's behavior
202
Conformity
-change in behavior to fit in with a group
203
Social loafing
- individual working as part of a group or team reduces his or her effort
- effort will not help performance
- my performance won't make a difference in group
- reward is not personal
- no one else is trying hard
204
Social facilitation
- occurs when an individual's performance is better in the presence of others than when alone
- presence of audience can help or hurt
205
Group think
-a decision making problem in which group members avoid arguments and strive for agreement
206
Obedience
-complying with instructions or orders from an individual who is in a position of authority
207
Migrams study
-people listened to authority even just as much as a white lab coat
208
Group polarization
-Members of a group discuss characteristic attitudes of their group and, as a result, their views become stronger
209
Cognitive dissonance
-Individual has two thoughts (cognitions) that are inconsistent with each other (dissonance) and as a result, experiences motivation to reduce the discrepancy
210
Intuitive though
- Quick, effortless, automatic thinking
| - requires great effort when trying to control it
211
Deliberative thought
- more careful, effortful and rational process
| - slower, requires some effort, and usually takes place one step at a time
212
Person perception
-refers to the process by which individuals form judgements and categorize other people
213
Schemas
-Cluster of knowledge and expectations about individuals and groups
214
Thin slices
-basing judgements of others on very limited information
215
Self fulfilling prophecy
- occurs when a first impression affects the observers behavior and as a result, the first impression comes true
- when a teacher has high expectations they spend less time addressing behavior, more challenging work and more criticism
216
Attributions
-explanations we make about the causes of behavior
217
Internal attributions
- aka dispositional attribution
| - observer explains the actors behavior as due to some intrinsic quality of the actor
218
External attribution
- aka situational attribution
| - observer explains actors behavioral result of he social context
219
Fundamental attribution error
-tendency to make internal attributions for others behaviors while ignoring external influences
220
Self serving bias
- use internal attributions when we do something well
| - external attributions when we fail or make mistakes
221
stereotype
-set of beliefs about a group of people
222
Prejudice
-attitude based on stereotypes that includes emotions and value judgements as well
223
Discrimination
-behavior based on prejudice
224
Out group
-collection of people perceived as difference
225
In group bias
-attribute positive qualities to the social group we belong to
226
Empathy
-emotional concerns one individual has for another's well being
227
Pro social behaviors
-behaviors that promote social functioning, group cohesion, or well being of individuals within the group
228
Anti social behaviors
-serve one individual or small group at the expense of the greater community
229
Willingness to help depends on
- situation
- the individual
- group membership
- social exchange theory
230
Social exchange theory
-individual will consider costs and benefits of helping another before he or she acts
231
Altruism
-Helping others in need without receiving or expecting reward for doing so
232
Social responsibility norm
-Society teaches us the value of helping goes beyond the benefits an individual might receive and that individuals who cannot help themselves require special help
233
Bystander effect
-individual in a group does not provide help either because the person believes someone else will help or because others aren't helping either
234
Diffusion of responsibility
-people feel less empathy because no one else shows empathy
235
Aggression
- behavior intended to hurt or harm someone
- physical
- verbal
- sporting events
- insults or threats
