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Psychology > Exam 1: Chapters 1, 2, 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Chapters 1, 2, 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

-Way of learning about the world through collecting observations, proposing explanations for observations, developing theories to explain them, and using the theories to make predictions

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

-Scientific study of behavior, though, and experience

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A
  • testable prediction about process that can be observed and measured
  • can be confirmed or rejected
  • must be testable
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3
Q

Theory

A
  • Explanation for a broad range of observations that also generates new hypothesis and integrates numerous findings into a coherent whole
  • built from confirmed hypothesis
  • can be proved false with new evidence
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4
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

-Explaining behavior as a product of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

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5
Q

Scientific literacy

A

-Ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific info

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6
Q

Critical thinking

A
  • exercising curiosity and skepticism when evaluating the claims of others, and with our own assumptions and beliefs
  • be curious
  • not all research has equal quality
  • examine assumptions and biases
  • tolerate uncertainty
  • consider alternate viewpoints/interpretations of evidence
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7
Q

Empiricism

A
  • A philosophical belief that knowledge comes through experience
  • “seeing is believing”
  • what we see or measure should be observable by others using the same methods
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8
Q

Determinism

A
  • belief that all events are governed by lawful, cause and effect relationships
  • behaviors are determined by internal and external influences
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9
Q

Zeitgeist

A
  • general set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history
  • science evolves
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10
Q

Materialism

A
  • Belief that humans and other livings are composed exclusively of physical matter
  • no emotions
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11
Q

Psychophysics

A
  • study of relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world
  • created by Fechner and coined the term
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12
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A
  • feel fear because we have a predisposition that causes us to fear something
  • Charles Darwin
  • behaviors and emotional expression is shaped by natural selection
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13
Q

Clinical psychology

A

-field of psychology that concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

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14
Q

Brain localization

A

-Certain parts of the brain control specific mental abilities and personality characteristics

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15
Q

Phrenology

A
  • Brain consists of 27 “organs” corresponding to mental traits and dispositions that can be detected by feeling surface of skull
  • no longer common, changed with research
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16
Q

Franz Mesmer

A
  • Psychosomatic medicine: prolonged exposure to magnets could redirect the flow of metallic fluid in the body, therefor curing disease and insanity
  • hypnosis: putting a patient into a trance
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17
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • psychoanalysis: psychological approach that explains behavior and personality are influenced by unconscious processes
  • medical model: use of medical ideas to treat disorders of emotions, thoughts, and behaviors
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18
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A
  • Eminence: combo of ability, morality, and achievement
  • Nature and nurture relationships: inquiry into how heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) influence behavior and mental processes
  • Eugenics: promoted social programs encouraging intelligent, talented, individuals to have kids
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19
Q

Willhelm Wundt

A
  • first laboratory
  • introspection: to look within
  • developed reaction time methods to measure mental effort
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20
Q

Edward Titchener

A

-Structuralism: attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and to understand how these elements work together

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21
Q

William James

A
  • first textbook: The principles of Psychology

- functionalism: study of purpose of behavior and conscious experience

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22
Q

Edwin Twitmyer

A

-reflexes: natural involuntary body functions

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23
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A
  • behaviorism: focused on studying only observable behavior, with little to no reference to mental events or instincts as possible influences on behavior
  • what are you doing and why
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24
Q

John B. Watson

A
  • Rise of behaviorism in US
  • only observable behaviors were important for scientific study
  • internal events were subjective and unmeasurable
  • interested in knowing behaviors and how we learn to have emotions through specific associations
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25
Q

B.F Skinner

A
  • Pure behaviorist
  • observable behaviors should be studied
  • studied animal behavior (pigeons) and translated to human behavior
  • what motivates us?
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26
Q

Resistance to behaviorism

A
  • there is no free will
  • behaviors are only controlled by external rewards
  • no choice in what we do
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27
Q

Humanistic psychology

A
  • Focuses on individual humans, each persons freedom to act, rational thought
  • humans are different from animals
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28
Q

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

A
  • focused on positive aspects of humanity not just humane differences
  • what are ways to maximize human potential
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29
Q

Cognitive revolution

A
  • Looking at cognitives such as language, memory, thoughts, feelings, perceptions
  • excludes behavior
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30
Q

Herman Ebbinghaus

A
  • forgetting curve
  • focused on memory
  • why/how do we forget
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31
Q

Frederick Bartlett

A

-Believed memory influenced cultural knowledge

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32
Q

Gestalt psychology

A
  • an approach that psychologists need to focus on the whole of perception experience, rather than parts
  • sum is more important than parts
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33
Q

Norman Triplett

A
  • first experiment in social influences

- cyclists

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34
Q

Kurt Lewin

A
  • founder of modern psychology
  • role of individual wishing environment
  • behavior is a function of individual and environment
    • it’s observable no testable
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35
Q

Researching psychologist

A
  • universities, corporations, and governmental agencies
  • applied psychology: uses psychological knowledge to address problems and issues across various settings and professions
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36
Q

Academic psychologists

A

Colleges and universities only

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37
Q

Psychiatry

A
  • Concerned with mental treatment of mental and behavioral disorders
  • prescribes meds
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38
Q

Psychology

A
  • trained in mental health disorders and diagnosis

- can’t prescribe meds

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39
Q

Forensic psychology

A
  • Encompasses work in criminal justice system

- interacts with legal system and its professionals

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40
Q

School psychologist

A

-work with students with special needs, emotional, social, or academic problems

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41
Q

Health psychology

A
  • aka behavioral medicine

- study of how individual, biological, and environmental factors affect physical health

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42
Q

5 characteristic of quality scientific research

A
  1. Based on measurements that are objective, valid, and reliable
  2. Can be generalized
  3. Uses techniques that reduce bias
  4. Made public
  5. Can be replicated
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43
Q

Objectivity measurements

A

-measure of an entity or behavior that is consistent across instruments and observers (within an allowed margin of error)

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44
Q

Variables

A

-object, concept of event being measured

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45
Q

Self reporting

A

-responses are provided directly by people who are being studied, through face to face interviews, phone surveys, paper/pencil tests, web based questionnaires

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46
Q

Operational definitions

A
  • statements that describe the procedures and specific measurements that are used to record observations
  • psychological, behavioral, and self reported measures
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47
Q

Reliability

A

-consistent and stable results

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48
Q

Validity

A

-true measurement

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49
Q

Generalizability

A

-degree to which results can be applied to other situations, individuals, or events

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50
Q

Population

A

-Group that researchers want to generalize about

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51
Q

Sample

A

-a select group of population members

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52
Q

Random sample

A
  • every individual of population has equal chance of being included
  • best representation of population
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53
Q

Convenience sample

A
  • individuals who are the most readily available

- settle for easier sample

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54
Q

Laboratory research

A

-Controlled environment where observations are made

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55
Q

Naturalistic research

A

-participants are observed in natural setting

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56
Q

Ecological validity

A

-Degree to which results of a laboratory study can be applied to or repeated in natural environment

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57
Q

Researcher bias

A

-researcher put bias on their study and manipulates results to meet what they want

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58
Q

Subject bias

A

-Subject acts a certain way to help an experiment

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59
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

-describes situations in which behavior changes as a result of being observed

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60
Q

Demand characteristics

A
  • researcher bias

- clues given to participant that explain how the participants are expected to behave

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61
Q

Social desirability

A

-participant respond in a way that increase their chances of being favored

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62
Q

Techniques reducing bias

A
  • anonymity
  • confidentiality
  • single blind study: participants don’t know purpose of study
  • double blind study: participants and experimenter don’t know purpose of study
63
Q

Peer review

A
  • process where papers are submitted for publication in scholarly journals are read and critiqued by experts in field of study
64
Q

Replication

A

-repeating a study and finding a similar outcome each time

65
Q

Descriptive data

A
  • from observations

- no attempt to explain why

66
Q

Case study

A
  • in depth report about details of a specific case
  • extensive details
  • lack generalizability
67
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

-Psychologists unobtrusively observe And record behavior as it occurs in subjects natural environment

68
Q

Correlational research

A
  • involves measuring the degree of association between two or more variables (between -1.0 & +1.0)
  • strong: +0.8 -> +1.0
  • moderate: +0.5 -> +0.7
  • weak: -0.1 -> +0.4
69
Q

Illusionary correlations

A

-relationships that exist only in the mind rather than in reality

70
Q

Random assignment

A
  • Technique for dividing sample into two or more groups

- no biases

71
Q

Confounding variables

A

-Variables outside the researchers control that might affect results

72
Q

Dependent variable

A
  • measurement that is being compared

- stable, doesn’t change

73
Q

Independent variable

A

-variable that gets manipulated

74
Q

Experimental group

A
  • group that is exposed to the independent variable

- manipulated

75
Q

Control group

A
  • group that is left alone

- used to compare

76
Q

Quasi experimental method

A
  • technique where two or more groups that are compared are selected based on predetermined characteristic
  • not random
77
Q

Institutional review board (IRB)

A

-committee of researchers and officials at an institute charged with the protection of human research participants

78
Q

Informed consent

A
  • must inform volunteer of purpose, risks, tasks
  • give consent without pressure
  • minimal stress to participants
79
Q

Deception

A
  • Misleading or only partially informing participants of true topic under investigation
  • must inform participant after
80
Q

Welfare of animals in research

A
  • Oversees ethical treatment including housing, feeding, sanitation
  • risk and discomfort managed humanely and must be justified
81
Q

Frequency

A
  • Number of observations that fell within a certain range
  • normal: bell curve, symmetrical distribution of values clustered around a mean
  • negative: curve is extended to left
  • positive: curve is extended to right
82
Q

Central tendency

A
  • measure of central point of distribution
  • mean: average
  • median
  • mode: most common
83
Q

Variability

A
  • degree to which scored are dispersed in a distribution

- standard deviation: measure of variability around mean

84
Q

Statistical significance

A

-Mean of groups are further apart than expected from random chance

85
Q

Hypothesis test

A

-evaluating wether differences among groups are meaningful or just chance

86
Q

Genes

A
  • Basic unit of heredity
  • guides process of creating proteins that make up physical structures and regulate development and psychological process throughout lifespan
87
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • Structures in the cell nucleus that are lined with genes and individual inherits
  • organize genes
88
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A
  • molecule formed in double helix shape containing 4 amino acids
    1) adenine
    2) cytosine
    3) guanine
    4) thymine
89
Q

Genotype

A

-Genetic makeup of organism

90
Q

Phenotype

A
  • Observable characteristics, physical structures and behaviors
  • what we see
91
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

-Study of how genes and environment influence behavior

92
Q

Monozygotic twins

A
  • from a single ovum

- 100% identical

93
Q

Dizygotic twins (fraternal)

A
  • From 2 separate eggs by 2 different sperm cells in the same womb
  • 50% genetically the same
94
Q

Heritability

A

-Statistic between zero and 1 representing genetic differences between individuals contributing to individual differences

95
Q

Behavioral genomics

A
  • the study of DNA and the ways in which specific genes are related to behavior
  • how traits are inherited
96
Q

Single genes and behavior

A
  • poly genetics
  • no single gene is responsible
  • combination of genes working together
97
Q

Neurons

A

-send and receive messages throughout body

98
Q

Cell body (soma)

A
  • part of neuron that contains nucleus

- holds genetic material

99
Q

Dendrites

A
  • small branches radiating from cell body

- receive messages from other cells and transmit message towards cell body

100
Q

Axon

A

-structure that transports info from the neuron to other neurons in form of electrochemical reaction

101
Q

Neurotransmitter (NT)

A

-chemicals that function as messengers allowing neurons to communicate with each other

102
Q

Synapses

A

-Microscopically small spaces that separate individual nerve cells

103
Q

Glial cells

A
  • mount immune system responses in the brain

- remove wastes and synchronize activity

104
Q

Myelin

A
  • fatty wheats protecting axons from each other

- increase speed and efficiency

105
Q

Resting potential

A
  • stable, inactive state
  • not transmitting or receiving messages
  • negative inside, positive outside
106
Q

Action potential

A
  • wave of electrical activity to axon
  • positively charged ions rush into cell (hyper polarized)
  • nerve cell has to many +charge ions so they are pushed out of nerve cell (depolarized)
107
Q

Synaptic cleft

A
  • minute space between terminal button and dendrite

- neurotransmitter passes here

108
Q

Refractory period

A
  • Brief period when neuron can’t fire or receive info

- rest

109
Q

All or none principle

A

-nerve cells fire at same strength everytime an action potential is reached

110
Q

Reuptake

A

-NT molecules in synapse that weren’t received by neuron are reabsorbed into axon terminal

111
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Movement

- attention

112
Q

Dopamine

A
  • Control of movement
  • reward seeking behavior
  • cognition and attention
113
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • memory
  • attention to new or important stimuli
  • regulation of sleep and mood
114
Q

Seratonin

A

-regulation of sleep, appetite, mood

115
Q

Glutamate

A
  • Excites nervous system
  • memory
  • autonomic nervous system reactions
116
Q

GABA (gramma-amino Butyric acid)

A
  • inhibits brain activity
  • lowers arousal, anxiety, excitation
  • regulates sleep
117
Q

Agonist

A

-mimic or increase effect of certain neurotransmitters

118
Q

Antagonist

A

-inhibits or decrease effect of neurotransmitter

119
Q

Endorphins

A
  • hormone produced by pituitary gland and hypothalamus

- reduce pain and induce pleasure

120
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-4 F’s (fighting, feeding, fleeting, fucking)

121
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • controls other glands

- produces hormones and determine where hormones go

122
Q

Adrenal gland

A
  • stress gland (working out)

- release cortisol and epinephrine

123
Q

Testosterone

A
  • facilitates behavior (doesn’t cause)

- sociocultural factors

124
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • transmits info to and from central nervous system

- splits into autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

125
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • Regulates activity of organs, glands, other physiological processes
  • splits into sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
126
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

-transmits sensory info and controls skeletal movement

127
Q

Sympathetic division

A
  • fight or flight

- prepares body to reacts and expand energy during stress

128
Q

Parasympathetic division

A
  • maintains body functions

- resting

129
Q

Central nervous system

A

-brain and spinal cord

130
Q

Brain

A
  • interprets and stores info

- communicates with muscles, glands, and organs

131
Q

Spinal cord

A

-connects brain and peripheral nervous system

132
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • essential for sustaining life
  • brain stem
  • cerebellum
133
Q

Brain stem (medulla and pons)

A
  • breathing
  • HR
  • sleep/wakefulness
134
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • balance
  • coordination
  • timing of movements
135
Q

Midbrain

A
  • relay sensory and motor info

- voluntary movement

136
Q

Forebrain

A
  • emotion, memory, and thinking
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • thalamus
137
Q

Basal ganglia

A

-facilitates planned movements and skill learning

138
Q

Limbic system

A

-emotion and memory

139
Q

Amygdala

A
  • memory formation of emotional events
  • fear responses
  • recognizes and interprets emotional stimuli
  • facial expressions
140
Q

Hippocampus

A

-learning and forming new memories

141
Q

Thalamus

A

-relays sensory info to regions of brain

142
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • wrinkled outer layer of brain

- though, language, personality

143
Q

Corpus callosum

A

-nerve cells connecting two hemispheres

144
Q

Frontal lobes

A
  • higher cognitive functions
  • planning
  • inhibition of impulses and emotions
  • language production
  • voluntary movement
145
Q

Temporal lobes

A
  • hearing
  • language
  • object/face recognition
146
Q

Parietal lobes

A
  • experiences of touch

- orientation of space (organization)

147
Q

Occipital lobes (rear of brain)

A

-processes visual info

148
Q

Nueroplasticity

A
  • ability of brain to change and rewrite itself

- after brain injury

149
Q

Electroencephalogram

A
  • measures of brain activity with the use of multiple electrodes attached to scalp
  • graph of electrical activity
150
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

-monitor brain during activities

151
Q

Magnetic response imaging (MRI)

A
  • doesn’t require radioactive substance
  • magnets
  • provide images of brain functioning
152
Q

Magnetocephaliography (MEG)

A

-uses magnetic field to measure electrical brain activity while looking at actual brain

153
Q

Lesioning

A

-intentionally damage brain to see what happens

154
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

-sending an electrical pulse to targeted region of brain in hopes of treating a disorder

Psychology (4 decks)

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