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Psychology > Exam 2: Chapters 4, 5, 6 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Chapters 4, 5, 6 Flashcards

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0
Q

perception

A

-taking in data from senses, organizing, and interpreting

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1
Q

sensation

A

-process of detecting external events through sensory organs

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2
Q

transduction

A

-process of taking physical or chemical stimuli into a neural signal

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3
Q

absolute threshold

A
  • minimum amount of energy or quantity of stimulus required to be reliably detected
  • 50% consistent and stable
  • varies from individual to individual
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4
Q

difference threshold

A
  • smallest detectable difference between a stimuli
  • noticing the slightest difference
  • considers amount
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5
Q

signal detection

A
  • whether an individual is able to perceive a stimulus depending on sensory experiment and judgement
  • sensory and decision making process
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6
Q

4 possible outcomes of sensory decision making

A
  • Hit: heard something and it is there
  • False alarm: Heard something but not really there
  • Correct rejection: didnt hear anything and there isnt anything there
  • Miss: didnt hear anything but there was something
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7
Q

Gestalt principles of Perception

A

-5 ways of perception
~figure and ground: figures stand out against background
~proximity: treat 2 or more objects in close proximity to eachother as a group
~similarity: group i terms of color, shape, orientation, etc
~continuity: view items/images as whole firgures even when broken into segments
~closure: when whole object/shape is broke and we fill gaps

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8
Q

selective attention

A

-focusing on one task or even

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9
Q

divided attention

A
  • paying attention to several stimuli or tasks at once

- self proclaimed multi taskers preform worse on cognitive tests

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10
Q

in-attentional blindness

A

-failure to notice to obvious because attention is directed elsewhere

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11
Q

Hue

A

-colors of spectrum

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12
Q

intensity

A

-brightness of colors

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13
Q

saturation

A

-colorfulness/density of color

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14
Q

sclera

A

-white outer surface of eye

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15
Q

cornea

A
  • clear covering of eye
  • focuses on images
  • light enters through here to pupil
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16
Q

pupil

A

-contracts/dilates and takes in certain amount of light

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17
Q

retina

A
  • light is converted to nerve cells

- consists of rods and cones

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18
Q

rods

A
  • see grey, black, white, vision

- scattered around retina

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19
Q

cones

A
  • help see color

- concentrated in center of retina (fovea)

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20
Q

dark adaptation

A

-rods and cones become increasingly sensitive to light under low levels of illumination

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21
Q

optic nerve

A
  • connects eye to occipital lobe

- cluster of neurons that gather sensory info

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22
Q

nearsightedness

A
  • eyeball is elongated

- image that cornea and lens focus on falls short of retina

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23
Q

farsightedness

A
  • eye is perfectly round

- image is focused behind the retina

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24
Q

perceptual constancy

A
  • ability to perceive object as having constant shape, size, and color despite changes
  • due to judgements
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25
Q

binocular depth cues

A

-distance cues that are based on differing perspectives of both eyes

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26
Q

convergence

A

-eye muscle contracts so both eyes focus on a single object that are close to us

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27
Q

retinal disparity (binocular disparity)

A
  • difference in relative position of an object as seen by both eyes
  • provides information to the brain about depth
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28
Q

monocular cues

A
  • depth cues that we can perceive with only one eye

- accommodation and motion paralax

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29
Q

accomodation

A

-lens of eye curves to allow you to focus on nearby objects

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30
Q

motion paralax

A
  • used when you or surroundings are in motion

- objects closer to us move faster than further objects

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31
Q

trichromatic theory (young-helmholtz theory)

A

-color vision is determined by three different cone types that are sensitive to short, medium, and long wavelengths of light

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32
Q

opponent process theory

A
  • we perceive colors in terms of opposite ends of the spectrum
  • red - green
  • yellow - blue
  • white - black
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33
Q

sound waves

A
  • frequency

- amplitude

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34
Q

frequency

A
  • wave length
  • measures in Hertz (Hz)
  • number of cycles a sound wave travels per second
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35
Q

amplitude

A
  • determines loudness
  • measured in decibels (dB)
  • high amplitude is louder than low amplitude
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36
Q

pitch

A
  • perceptual experience of sound wave frequency

- high frequency = short wavelengths = high pitch

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37
Q

auditory canal

A

-moves/conducts sound waves to eardrum

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38
Q

eardrum

A

-receives sound info and moves to temporal lobe to be identified

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39
Q

sound localization

A
  • process of identifying where sound comes from
  • time difference - focuses on time (did it reach right or left ear first?)
  • sound shadow - focuses on intensity (which ear heard it stronger?)
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40
Q

place theory of hearing

A
  • how we perceive pitch is based on the location along the basilar membrane that sound stimulates
  • basilar membrane’s hair follicles move sound along
  • works well hearing high frequenciess
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41
Q

frequency theory

A

-perception of pitch is related to frequency at which the basilar membrane vibrates

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42
Q

volley principle

A

-groups of neurons fire in alternating fashion allowing sounds to be perceived

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43
Q

conduction hearing loss

A
  • any of the physical structures that conduct sound waves to the cochlea are damaged
  • treatment: hearing aid
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44
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • damage to cochlea hair cells (sensory) and the neurons composing the auditory nerve (neural)
  • treatment: cochlear implants (not aides)
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45
Q

touch

A
  • pressure
  • temperature
  • pain
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46
Q

touch receptors

A

-located beneath skin, in muscle joints and tendons

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47
Q

haptics

A
  • active, exploratory aspect of touch sensation and perception
  • helps avoid damaging or dropping objects (grip)
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48
Q

kinesthesis

A
  • sense of bodily motion and position

- helps position and movement

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49
Q

pain

A
  • felt by body and perceived by pain

- pain messages travel to spinal cord to hypothalamus

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50
Q

nociception

A
  • activity of nerve pathways that respond to uncomfortable stimulation
  • slow fibers - chronic, dull pain that lingers
  • fast fibers - sharp, immediate pain
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51
Q

gate control theory

A
  • nerves in spinal cord conduct pain messages and inhibit pain messages
  • small fibers - pain
  • fast fibers - inhibit pain (try to stop it right away)
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52
Q

gustatory system

A

-sensation and perception of taste

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53
Q

taste buds

A
  • localized to tongue and cheeks
  • on avg 10,000 buds
  • primary tastes: salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami (savory)
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54
Q

super tastors

A
  • 25% of population
  • favor bitter taste
  • not obese or overweight
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55
Q

olfactory system

A
  • smell

- detection of airborne particles with specialized receptors located in nose

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56
Q

olfactory bulb

A
  • sits underneath frontal lobe (frontal lobe accesses memories)
  • when we smell something it triggers emotional memories
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57
Q

consciousness

A
  • persons subjective awareness

- including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world and self awareness

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58
Q

circadian rhythms

A

-internally driven daily cycles of approximately 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioral processes

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59
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

-bulb in back of break helping dreaming and sleeping

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60
Q

awake

A

-beta waves

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61
Q

awake and calm

A

-alpha waves

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62
Q

stage 1

A
  • theta waves
  • slow waves with high amp
  • breathing, HR, BP decrease
  • lasts up to 15 min
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63
Q

stage 2

A
  • sleep spindles (active waves)
  • k complex waves (dips and highs)
  • more diff to wave up
  • brain, body slows
  • lasts up to 20 min
64
Q

stage 3-4

A
  • marked by delta waves
  • brain still slows down
  • diff to wake person up
  • lasts for 1 hr
  • usually restarts after this stage
65
Q

REM

A
  • enter this sometimes
  • deep brain activity, low body activity (paradoxical sleep)
  • lasts 20 min
  • dont feel fully rested without REM sleep
66
Q

REM rebound

A

-body tries to make up for the amount of REM sleep lost

67
Q

restore and repair

A

-body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear on the body from day’s activities

68
Q

preserve and protect

A
  • adaptive functions of sleep

- preserving energy and protecting organism from harm

69
Q

sleep deprivation

A
  • when an individual cannot or does not sleep
  • concentration decreases
  • mores susceptible to sickness
  • emotional wellbeing is effected
70
Q

the interpretation of dreams

A
  • Freud
  • dreaming is unconscious expressions of wants
  • comes from manifest content and latent content
71
Q

manifest content

A

-images and storyline of dream

72
Q

latent content

A

-actual symbolic meaning of dream

73
Q

activation synthesis hypothesis

A
  • dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages from brainstem
  • hits perception= why dreams are weird
74
Q

insomnia

A
  • lack of sleep

- subjective experience that someone reports

75
Q

onset insomnia

A
  • diff falling asleep

- doesnt sleep within 30 min

76
Q

maintenance insomnia

A

-cannot return easily to sleep after waking up in middle of night

77
Q

terminal insomnia

A

-person wakes up too early and cant return to sleep

78
Q

primary insomnia

A

-arises from internal source and not result of another disorder

79
Q

secondary insomnia

A
  • result of other disorders

- cure by treating other disorder

80
Q

nightmare

A
  • vivid and disturbing dreams

- occur during REM sleep

81
Q

night terrors

A
  • intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken individual in a heighten emotional state
  • occur during NonREM sleep
  • typically do not remember dream content
  • more common in young children
82
Q

restless leg syndrome (RLS)

A

-persistent feeling of discomfort in the legs and the urge to continuously shift them into diff positions

83
Q

Somnambulism (sleep walking)

A

-involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep

84
Q

sleep apnea

A
  • temporary inability to breathe during sleep
  • common among obese and men
  • treatment: mouth guards, weight loss, CPAP mask
85
Q

narcolepsy

A
  • person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks
  • lasts for few seconds to few minutes
  • immediate REM sleep
  • produce less orexin = less wakefulness
86
Q

sleep state misperception (SSM)

A
  • person underestimates her amount of sleep on a regular basis
  • paradoxical insomnia because they think they cant get enough sleep
87
Q

positive sleep state misperception

A
  • individuals regularly overestimate their amount of sleep

- begins to show sleep deprivation

88
Q

overcoming sleep problems

A
  • non-pharmacological techniques
  • sedatives (valum=placebo effect, expect it to work increases misperceptions)
  • relaxing
89
Q

hypnosis

A
  • procedure of inducing a high state of suggestive relaxation
  • deep relaxation, slow breathing, think clear, relax muscles
90
Q

ideomotor suggestions

A
  • related to specific actions that could be performed

- adopting certain position

91
Q

challenge suggestions

A
  • indicate actions that arent supposed to be performed

- lose ability to preform that action

92
Q

cognitive- perceptual suggestions

A
  • remember or forget

- altered perceptions (reduce pain sensations)

93
Q

dissociation theory

A

-explains hypnosis as a unique state in which consciousness is divided into observer (highly focused) and hidden observer (auto pilot)

94
Q

sociocognitive theory

A
  • explains hypnosis by emphasizing the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility
  • conform to expectations
95
Q

meditation

A

-involves a shift in consciousness to a state in which an individual is highly focused, aware, and in control of mental processes

96
Q

Mindful based stress reduction (MBSR)

A
  • not meditation
  • mindfulness - being present in current moment, no distractions
  • teaches and promotes mindfulness
97
Q

deja vu

A
  • distinct feeling of having seen or experienced a situation that is impossible or unlikely to have previously occured
  • activation of temporal lobe (recognition) and hypocampus (memory)
98
Q

coma

A
  • state marked by complete loss of consciousness
  • due to TBI or medically induced
  • some reflexes
99
Q

persistent vegetative state

A
  • minimal to no consciousness in which patients eyes may be open and develop wake-sleep cycles without clear signs of consciousness
  • Terry Shaivo
100
Q

minimally conscious state

A

-disordered state of consciousness marked by ability to show some behaviors that suggest partial consciousness
, even on an inconsistent basis
-follow simple commands

101
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

-substances that affect thinking, behavior, perception, and emotion

102
Q

simulants

A
  • drugs that speed up the nervous system
  • enhance wakefulness & alertness
  • cocaine - most widely used stimulant
  • amphetamines - prescribed stimulants (ADHD)
  • methamphetamines - illegal stimulants
  • ecstasy - stimulant and hallucinogen
103
Q

hallucinogenic drugs

A
  • produce perceptual distortions
  • LSD, Ketamine, DMT
  • distortions - visual, auditory, tactile
104
Q

marijuana

A
  • buds of cannabis plant that produce a combo of hallucinogenic, stimulant, and relaxing effects
  • THC binds to cannabinoid receptors in brain
  • mimics neurotransmitters involved in sleep and memory
  • short term because receptors are in hippocampus (short term memory)
105
Q

opiates aka narcotics

A
  • reduce pain and produce extreme euphoria (binds to endorphins)
  • drugs such as heroin or morphine
  • derived from poppy plants
  • fentanyl and oxycodone = pain relievers
106
Q

sedative drugs

A
  • depress activity of central nervous system (downers)
  • barbiturates: dangerous and highly addictive, ability to shut down brain stem
  • benzodiazepines: addictive, less side effects, increase GABA reducing anxiety, xanax and valium
107
Q

alcohol

A
  • most commonly abused drug
  • targets GABA receptors decreasing anxiety
  • low dose=euphoria
  • excessive=inhibition of frontal lobe which inhibit behavior
  • consequences: assault, unprotected sex, drunk driving
108
Q

abuse

A

-using it consistently and causes problems socially, physically, or legally

109
Q

tolerance

A

-repeated use of drug results in a need for a higher dose to get intended effect

110
Q

dependence

A

-need to take drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms

111
Q

learning

A

-process by which behavior or knowledge changes as a result of experience

112
Q

cognitive learning

A

-reading, listening, and taking tests

113
Q

associative learning

A

-how we pair stimuli

114
Q

classical conditioning

A

-learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally causes by another stimulus

115
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

-stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning

116
Q

unconditioned response

A

-reflexive unlearned reaction to unconditioned stimulus

117
Q

conditioned stimulus

A
  • once a neutral stimulus

- elicits a conditioned response because it was learned to be paired with an unconditional stimulus

118
Q

conditioned response

A
  • learned response that occurs from conditioned stimulus

- usually same response as unconditioned

119
Q

aquisition

A

-initial phase of learning in which a response is established

120
Q

extinction

A

-loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together

121
Q

spontaneous recovery

A
  • reoccurrence of a previously extinguishes conditioned response
  • typically some time after extinction
122
Q

stimulus generalization

A

-response that was originally occurs to a specific stimulus also occurs to a different but similar stimulus

123
Q

stimulus descrimination

A

-organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar

124
Q

conditioned emotional response

A

-emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or stimulation

125
Q

little Albert experiment

A
  • object: rat
  • emotional response: fear from loud noise
  • association: rat = fear (generalized)
  • explains phobias
126
Q

conditioned drug tolerance

A
  • learning without awareness
  • physiological responses in preparation for drug administration
  • cues associated with drug cause craving
127
Q

operant conditioning

A

-behavior is influenced by consequences

128
Q

reinforcement

A
  • process event or reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of response occurring again
  • uses reinforcer: the actual stimulus that increase good behavior
129
Q

punishment

A
  • process decreases future probability of a response

- uses punisher: stimulus that results in decrease of behavior

130
Q

primary reinforcers

A

-reinforcing stimuli that satisfy motivational needs

131
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

-reinforcing stimuli that acquire value through learning

132
Q

positive reinforcement

A

-strengthening behavior by adding a reward

133
Q

negative reinforcement

A

-strengthening behavior by taking away the unwanted action

134
Q

positive punishment

A

-behavior decreases because it adds a scolding

135
Q

negative punishment

A

-decrease in behavior due to taking away a valued stimulus

136
Q

extinction (operant conditioning)

A
  • weakening of response when reinforcement is no longer available
  • stop doing action because not being rewarded
137
Q

discrimination stimulus (operant)

A

-cue that shows there will be a reinforcement

138
Q

stimulus control

A

-discriminative stimulus reliably elicits a specific response

139
Q

generalization (operant)

A

-operant response takes place to a new stimulus that is similar to the stimulus present during learning

140
Q

discrimination (operant)

A

-operant response is made to one stimulus and not another

141
Q

shaping

A
  • procedure in which a specific operant response is created by reinforcing successive approximations of that response
  • step by step learning
142
Q

schedules on reinforcement

A

-rules that determine when reinforcement is available

143
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

-every response results in reinforcement

144
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

-only a certain number of responses are rewarded or certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available

145
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

-reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed

146
Q

variable ratio schedule

A
  • number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies
  • rewarded after random responses
147
Q

fixed interval schedule

A
  • reinforced first response occurring after a set of time passes
  • set time schedules for reinforcement
148
Q

variable interval schedule

A
  • first response is reinforces following a variable amount of time
  • reinforcement is at random times
149
Q

applying punishment

A
  • severity
  • initial punishment level
  • contiguity
  • consistency
  • show alternatives
150
Q

severity

A

-should be proportional to offense

151
Q

initial punishment level

A

-must be strong enough to reduce behavior

152
Q

contiguity

A

-punishment occurs immediately following behavior

153
Q

consistency

A

-punishment must have after every time behavior occurs

154
Q

show alternative

A

-punishment is more successful if paired with reinforcement for good behavior

155
Q

Latent Learning

A
  • Edward Tolman (psychologist)

- learning that isn’t immediately expressed by a response until organism is reinforced for doing so

156
Q

successful long term learning

A
  • organize info instead of rearrange to make connections to help understand
  • distribute studying across time
  • create difficulties
157
Q

observational learning

A
  • change behavior and knowledge from watching others
  • cultural customs : learn from parents
  • Albert Bandura and bobo doll
  • need attention, memory, motivation
158
Q

imitation

A
  • recreating a motor behavior or expression often to accomplish a specific goal
  • children and chimps opened box after being showed few steps

Psychology (4 decks)

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