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PSYC100 > EXAM 4: CHAPTER 8 > Flashcards

EXAM 4: CHAPTER 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory (3):

A
  • Capacity to retain and retrieve information
  • Is a reconstruction of things that have already occurred
  • Provides us with identities
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2
Q

Process of memory (3):

A
  • Encoding: Transform what we perceive/think into a memory
  • Storage: Process of maintaining information in memory over time
  • Retrieval: Process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
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3
Q

Information-processing model

A

View of memory that suggests that information moves among three memory stages - sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory

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4
Q

3 subdivisions of information-processing theory:

A
  • Sensory
  • Short-term
  • Long-term
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5
Q

Sensory

A

Stimulus from environment, holds sensory information and lasts up to half a second for visual and 2-4 seconds for auditory

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6
Q

Short-term

A

Holds information for analysis, lasts up to 30 seconds and limited to 5-9 items

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7
Q

Long-term

A

Relatively permanent storage

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8
Q

Parallel distributed-processing model

A

Theory of memory suggesting that new information immediately join with other previous pieces of information to help form and grow networks of information

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9
Q

George Sperling

A

Conducted an experiment on visual sensory store. Participants stared at a screen and rows of letters flashed. They were then told to repeat as many letters as they could remember

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10
Q

Sensory memories

A

What we see and what we hear

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11
Q

Depths of encoding levels (3):

A
  • Shallow processing
  • Intermediate processing
  • Deep processing
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12
Q

Types of encoding (3):

A
  • Phonological: Encoding based on sound
  • Visual: Encoding based on how the information looks (eg. Photographic memory)
  • Semantic: Encoding based on the meaning of the information
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13
Q

Automatic processing

A

When you remember something without much conscious awareness/effort (eg. Can pour coffee in cup while on the phone because you made pouring an automatic processing task)

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14
Q

Effortful processing

A

When you remember something through careful attention and conscious effort. Can be disrupted when the person is forced to perform other tasks/attend to other information (eg. can’t play intense video game if you are on a lively phone call)

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15
Q

Organizational encoding

A

Categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

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16
Q

Elaboration

A

Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding (eg. Thinking of examples)

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17
Q

Visual imagery

A

Creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered

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18
Q

Self-referent encoding

A

Making information personally meaningful

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19
Q

Durability of storage

A

About 20 seconds without rehearsal

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20
Q

Rehearsal

A

Process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information

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21
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit (eg. Phone numbers, area codes, ROYGBIV)

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22
Q

Short-term memory

A

Non-sensory information that is held for more than a few seconds. Up to 5-9 items and 30 second duration

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23
Q

Working memory

A

Active maintenance of information in short-term storage

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24
Q

Working memory system:

A
  • Central executive
  • Visual spatial sketchpad
  • Episodic buffer
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25
Q

Central executive

A

Monitors and coordinates entire working memory system

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26
Q

Visual spatial sketchpad:

A

Keeps track of spatial information

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27
Q

Episodic buffer

A

Links of information together from other parts of working memory

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28
Q

Long-term memory

A

Storage of memory that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years (no known capacity)

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29
Q

Systems and types of memory (4):

A
  • Implicit vs explicit
  • Declarative vs non-declarative
  • Semantic vs episodic
  • Prospective vs retrospective
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30
Q

Hippocampus memory function

A

Responsible for the initial consolidation of memories

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31
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memory that a person can consciously bring to mind (eg. Birth date, middle name, capital of Canada). These are converted into long-term memories in the hippocampus as a temporary storage site

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32
Q

Implicit memory

A

Memory that a person is not consciously aware of, such as learned motor behaviors, skills and habits (eg. How to drive, playing the piano). These are stored in the striatum, the region located toward the midline in the brain

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33
Q

Semantic memory

A

Facts and general knowledge (eg. Bananas are yellow, there are 12 months in a year)

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34
Q

Episodic memories

A

Personal experiences and events (eg. High school graduation)

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35
Q

Procedural memory

A

Motor skills and habits (eg. How to drive a car, brush teeth)

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36
Q

Classically conditioned memory

A

Conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli (eg. Phobias)

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37
Q

Priming

A

Earlier exposure facilitates retrieval (eg. Heightened fears of zombies after watching a scary movie)

38
Q

Spaced practice effect

A

Facilitated encoding of material through rehearsal situations spread out over time

39
Q

Massed practice

A

Studying in one “cram” session

40
Q

Eidetic memory

A

Photographic memory. It usually occurs among children as many as 5%

41
Q

Semantic code

A

What we use to encode verbal information and is based on the meaning of information

42
Q

Hyperthymestic syndrome

A

Excessive remembering of every detail

43
Q

Mnemonic devices

A

Techniques used to enhance the meaningfulness of information as a way of making them more memorable

44
Q

Schemas

A

Knowledge bases that we develop based on prior exposure to similar experiences to other knowledge bases

45
Q

PQRST method (study technique):

A
  • Preview: Skim the entire section
  • Question: Examine the organization of section and turn each subsection into a question
  • Read: Read the section with the goal of finding answers to questions
  • Self recitation: Ask yourself and answer questions out loud
  • Test: Test yourself by trying to recall as much of the learned information as you can
46
Q

Memory spam

A
  • Maximum number of items that can be recalled in the correct order
  • “Magical number seven, plus or minus two”
47
Q

Primary effect

A

Items that are recalled in the beginning/middle of the list, and replaced into short-term memory.

48
Q

Recency effect

A

Items found at the end of the list that are able to be recalled because they were still in working memory

49
Q

Retrieval cues

A

Words, sights, or other stimuli that remind us of the information we need (eg. even mood)

50
Q

Recognition task

A

Memory tasks in which people are asked to identify whether or not they have seen a particular item before

51
Q

Recall tasks

A

Memory task in which people are asked to produce information using no or few retrieval cues

52
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

Theoretical framework that asserts that memory retrieval is more efficient when the information available at retrieval is similar to the information available at the time of encoding

53
Q

Context

A

he original context when you first learned a concept or idea that has retrieval cues that will make it easier to recall information

54
Q

Start-dependent memory

A

Memory retrieval facilitated by being in the same state of mind in which you encoded the memory in the first place (eg. drunk state of mind)

55
Q

Modulation hypothesis

A

Long-lasting emotional effects on memory can be attributed to the activation of the amygdala during the encoding of emotional events

56
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Detailed and powerful memories of emotionally significant events of circumstances surrounding our learning of events (eg. 9 11 event). Flashbulbs memories are NOT very accurate

57
Q

Misinformation effect-suggestibility

A

Incorporating misleading information into the memory of an event

58
Q

Why we forget (3):

A
  • Ineffective encoding
  • Decay
  • Interference
59
Q

Proactive interference

A

Situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later (eg. Old information like your friend’s old email address interferes with ability to remember her new email address)

60
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later (eg. Learning a password for a new bank card can disrupt recall of the password for your existing bank card)

61
Q

State dependant retrieval

A

Tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same mental/physical state during encoding and retrieval

62
Q

Transfer/context-dependant processing

A

Memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match

63
Q

Sins of omission (3):

A
  • Transience (time weakens memory)
  • Absentmindedness (preoccupied/attention)
  • Blocking (trying to recall Ted’s name and someone says “is the same Dave”)
64
Q

Sins of commission (4):

A
  • Misattribution
    • Suggestibility
    • Bias
    • Persistence
65
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP) (4):

A
  • Main neural mechanism by which a memory is stored in the brain
  • During LTP, dendrites grow and branch out and synapses increase
  • LTM can take years to consolidate/stabilize
  • Later on, LTM solidify
66
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

When you cannot recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia

67
Q

Improving Everyday Memory:

A
  • Engage in adequate rehearsal
  • Distribute practice and minimize interference
  • Engage in deep processing
  • Organize information
  • Use verbal and visual mnemonics
68
Q

Decay theory

A

Theory of forgetting, suggesting that memories fade over time due to neglect or failure to access over long periods of time

69
Q

Interference theory

A

Theory that forgetting is influenced by what happens to people before or after they take information in

70
Q

Repression

A

Motivated forgetting theory by Sigmund Freud. Process in which we unconsciously prevent traumatic events from entering our awareness so that we do not have to experience anxiety

71
Q

Faulty constructions of memory

A

Distortion or manufacture of memories

72
Q

3 types of faulty constructions of memory:

A
  • Source misattributions
  • Exposure to misinformation
  • Effects of imagination
73
Q

Source misattributions

A

Remembering information, but not the source it came from; can lead to remembering information from unreliable sources as true

74
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Brain structure located behind forehead that becomes active when one acquires new information

75
Q

Memory consolidation

A

Process by which memories stabilize in the brain

76
Q

Potentiation

A

Synchronous networks of cells firing together

77
Q

Glutamate

A

Key neurotransmitter in the formation of memories. Many neurons and circuits that use glutamate as their neurotransmitter are likely to exhibit LTP

78
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Plays a role in learning/memory

79
Q

Acetylcholine functions (2):

A
  • Separates encoding of new memories and the retrieval of existing memories
  • Controls sleep/wake cycle = consolidates long term memory
80
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

No recollection of events occurring the first 3.5-4 years of life

81
Q

2 types of memory disorder:

A
  • Organic memory disorder: Physical causes of memory impairment can be identified
  • Dissociative disorder: Disruption in memory lack a clear physical cause
82
Q

Types of organic memory disorders:

A
  • Amnestic disorder
    • Retrograde amnesia
    • Anterograde amnesia
83
Q

Amnestic disorder

A

Organic disorder in which memory loss is the primary symptom

84
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to remember things that occurred before an organic event

85
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Ongoing ability to form new memories after an amnesia-inducing event; damage to brain’s temporal lobe

86
Q

Dementia

A

Severe memory problems combined with losses in at least one other cognitive function; abstract thinking or language

87
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Most common form of dementia usually beginning with mild memory problems, lapses of attention, and problem in language, difficulties with tasks and long memory

88
Q

People with Alzheimer’s form more..

A

Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques

89
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

Twisted protein fibres found within the cells of hippocampus

90
Q

Senile plaque

A

Sphere-shaped deposits of a protein known as beta-amyloid that form in spaces between cells in hippocampus, cerebral cortex and other regions

PSYC100 (7 decks)

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