Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC100 > EXAM 3: CHAPTER 6 > Flashcards

EXAM 3: CHAPTER 6 Flashcards

1
Q

2 components of consciousness

A
  • State of consciousness: Level of awareness of our external surroundings and internal states
  • Contents of consciousness: Specific thoughts we are aware of about our internal states or external surroundings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is attention and consciousness always related

A

No, they are closely related but can have one without the other (eg. mind wandering)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Different forms of consciousness (9):

A
  • Daydreaming
  • Drowsiness
  • Dreaming
  • Hallucination
  • Orgasm
  • Food/oxygen starvation
  • Sensory deprivation
  • Hypnosis
  • Meditation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Damage to the reticular formation results in..

A

Loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Damage to the hypothalamus results in..

A

Disturbances of wakefulness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Damage to the thalamus results in..

A

Lack of conscious awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Damage to the cerebral cortex results in..

A

Lack of awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 levels of consciousness:

A
  • Full consciousness
  • Self consciousness
  • Minimal consciousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Full consciousness

A

Consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Self-consciousness

A

Distinct level of consciousness in which you’re aware of one’s self, actions and image (eg. Recognition of self in mirrors by humans and animals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Minimal consciousness

A

A person who shows clear but minimal or inconsistent awareness is classified as being in a minimally conscious state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Preconsciousness

A

Level of awareness in which information can become readily available to consciousness if necessary (eg. What did you do last weekend?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Automatic behaviors

A

Type of behavior that is performed without conscious self-control and with partial or total loss of memory (eg. Putting objects elsewhere where it doesn’t occur)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Unconscious state

A

State in which information is not easily accessible to conscious awareness (eg. What did you eat last weekend?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Freud’s 3 levels of the unconscious:

A
  • Conscious
  • Preconscious
  • Unconscious
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Freud’s theory on unconsciousness

A

Unconsciousness is a repository for socially unacceptable ideas, wishes, desires, traumatic memories, or painful emotions put out of mind by the mechanism of psychological repression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2 main types of memory:

A
  • Explicit memory: Involves pieces of knowledge that we are fully aware of
  • Implicit memory: Knowledge that we have stored in memory that we are not typically aware of or able to recall it with
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lethargy

A

Brain fog, cannot think clearly and feel tired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Stupor

A

Unresponsive but can be aroused briefly by pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Coma

A

Unconscious, unresponsive, unarousable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Vegetative state

A

Unresponsive to psychological and physical stimuli, have a sleep/wake cycle, often eyes open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

PVS

A

Awareness of self and environment is absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Locked in syndrome

A

Awakens from coma and is completely conscious but paralyzed and can only blink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Brain dead

A

No brain function so no consciousness. Basically dead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Adaptive theory of sleep

A

Theory that organisms sleep for the purpose of self-preservation to keep away from predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Restoration theory

A

Idea that sleep restores our brains and bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Circadian rhythm (biological clock)

A

Pattern of sleep-wake cycles that in human beings roughly corresponds to periods of daylight and night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Physiological pathway of the biological clock:

A

Light levels —> retina —-> suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus —> pineal gland —> secretion of melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How we learn about sleep/dreams (3):

A
  • Monitor EEG/brain waves and muscle movements during sleep
  • Expose the sleeping person to noise and words, then examine the effects on the brain and mind
  • Wake people and see which mental state (eg. Dreaming) goes with which brain/body state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Stages of sleep (5):

A
  • Stage 1: Bridge between wakefulness and sleep - alpha waves change to slower theta waves
  • Stage 2: More relaxed and rhythmic breathing - sleep spindles
  • Stage 3: Deep sleep - 20-50% delta waves
  • Stage 4: Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rates at lowest level and muscles relax
  • Stage 5: Rapid eye movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

Stage of sleep associated with rapid and jagged brain wave patterns, increased heart rate, rapid and irregular breathing, rapid eye movements and dreaming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Average of a 15-20 year old’s sleep

A

8.5 hours a day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Average of an elderly’s sleep

A

Under 6 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why do we sleep? (7):

A
  • Protective role in human evolution
  • Brain restoration and repair of damaged neurons
  • Store and rebuild memories of day’s experiences
  • Encourages growth through pituitary gland secretion of growth hormone
  • Memory consolidation
  • Enhance problem-solving abilities
  • Brain removes waste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Poor sleep is linked to ___:

A

Dementia and TBI. And the dysfunction of the waste removal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Nightmares

A

Dreams filled with intense anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Dream disorder anxiety

A

Frequent or distressing nightmares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Lucid dreams

A

Sleeper being able to fully recognize that they are dreaming and occasionally actively guides outcome of dream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Daydreams

A

Fantasies that occur while one is awake and aware of external reality but is not fully conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Effects of sleep deprivation (5):

A
  • Fatigue
  • Impairment of concentration, creativity, communication
  • Obesity, hypertension, suppressed immune system
  • Irritability and slowed performance
  • Affects attention, memory, reaction time, decision making, motor coordination, immune system, emotional regulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Insomnia

A

Most common sleep disorder. Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Second most common sleep disorder. Person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Somnambulism

A

Occurs when the person arises and walks around during sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Falling asleep uncontrollably. Loss of unconsciousness that can last up to 15 minutes. Can sometimes lose muscle tone which is extremely dangerous if you are driving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Experience of waking up unable to move

46
Q

Nightmares

A

Anxiety arousing dreams - REM

47
Q

Night terrors

A

Abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal - NREM

48
Q

Delayed sleep phase syndrome

A

Long delay in ability to fall asleep

49
Q

Advanced sleep phase syndrome

A

Fall asleep between 6pm-9pm and wake up between 2am-5am

50
Q

Restless leg syndrome

A

Strong urge to move legs before sleep

51
Q

Periodic limb movement of sleep

A

Strong urge to move legs during sleep

52
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

Acting out the dream while in bed and sleeping

53
Q

T/F sleep walkers tend to walk normally with eyes open

A

True

54
Q

Turning test

A

Developed by Alan Turning to determine when an artificial intelligence program had reached the point where it appeared to have human-like consciousness

55
Q

How is turning test conducted

A

Conducted through interactions between real humans and program (not told which). If the machine could fool 30% of the people thinking It was human, then it was a success

56
Q

Turning Olympics

A

Assessing broader definition of intelligence (Eg. Allen AI Science Challenge) that assessed ability of AI program to solve grade 8 multiple choice science questions

57
Q

Consciousness

A

Immediate awareness of our internal and external states

58
Q

Stream of consciousness

A

Term founded by William James to signify how we experience our conscious life because consciousness, like a running stream, keeps flowing with time

59
Q

Altered states of consciousness

A

Change in one’s normal mental state as a result of trauma or accident or induced through meditation, drugs, some foods, etc

60
Q

Is multitasking a myth?

A

Yes. less than 2% of people can multitask

61
Q

How has conscious awareness helped in survival

A

It has contributed to evolutionary progresses. (eg. To be conscious of our thirst, we already understand that water is necessary and we plan to get water before we are thirsty)

62
Q

Significance of the reticular formation:

A
  • Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation could bring an animal out of a state of sleep into a state of alert arousal. If damaged, the animal cannot maintain a state of wakefulness
  • Damage to the reticular formation for humans results in loss of consciousness
63
Q

Significance of the hypothalamus and thalamus:

A
  • Receives input from the reticular formation and the hindbrain
  • Damage to the neurotransmitter systems of the hypothalamus can lead to disturbances of wakefulness such as narcolepsy
  • Damage directly to the hypothalamus and the thalamus results in all consciousness and a deep coma
64
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

In charge of one’s awareness of the information the cortex receives from subcortical structures

65
Q

Weiskrantz study (4):

A
  • Study observed people whose primary visual areas in the cerebral cortex had been destroyed, leaving them blind
  • Weiskrantz presented people with a spot of light and told the, to point to it
  • Individuals were unaware of the light but when he told them to point anywhere, they typically pointed at the light
  • Concluded that the areas of the brain that helps us attend to visual stimuli are different from the visual areas in the cerebral cortex that help us to be aware that we are attending to such stimuli
66
Q

Severed corpus collosum effects

A

If objects or words were shown in the left hemisphere, then they were able to say/write it. But if the word was shown to the right, the individual could not name or write it

67
Q

Left cerebral cortex

A

Responsible for verbal awareness

68
Q

Right cerebral cortex

A

Responsible for non-verbal forms of conscious awareness

69
Q

Rouge test

A

Experiment of secretly putting a red dot on a babies noise. When the babies were placed in front of a mirror, they would either touch or ignore their nose indicating their level of sense of self

70
Q

When do children develop a stable concept of self

A

18 months of age

71
Q

Animals that passed the rouge test (4):

A
  • Apes
  • Chimpanzees
  • Dolphins
  • Elephants
72
Q

Freud beliefs (5):

A
  • Vast majority of our personal knowledge is located in our unconsciousness
  • Unconscious materials can enter conscious awareness
  • Unconscious thoughts can work against us and that people store too many emotionally-charged memories resulting to psychological disorders
  • If we repress too much, we may experience distortions in how we feel or relate to others
73
Q

Freudian slip

A

Moment when the mind inadvertently allows a repressed idea into consciousness (eg. Saying things when you didn’t mean to)

74
Q

Psychoanalytic psychotherapy

A

Form of in-depth talk therapy that aims to bring unconscious or deeply buried thoughts and feelings to the conscious mind so that repressed experiences and emotions, often from childhood, can be brought to the surface and examined.

75
Q

Whats an important biological theory with sleep

A

Pituitary gland releases growth hormones during sleep

76
Q

Restorative theory of sleep

A

Theory that sleep allows the brain and body to restore certain depleted chemical resources while eliminating chemical wastes

77
Q

Young vs old people in circadian rhythm

A

Younger people tend to peak later in the day, while order people peak earlier

78
Q

2 prime examples of circadian rhythms

A

Cycles of alertness and shifts in body temperature

79
Q

Circadian rhythm sleep disorder

A

eople with this disorder experience excessive sleepiness or insomnia as a result of a mismatch between their own sleep-wake pattern

80
Q

What did the study in Japan find?

A

Over 64,000 Japanese adolescents found that those who slept better were subjectively happier, and those who slept quicker had a deeper sleep

81
Q

Factors influencing an individuals sleep-wake rhythm (3):

A
  • Gender
  • Age
  • Health factor
82
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

The master control centre of neurons in the hypothalamus that controls body’s internal clock and own sleep-wake rhythm

83
Q

Steps that contribute to our sleep clock (3):

A
  • The suprachiasmatic nucleus notices the change as daylight fades into night
  • Pineal gland secretes hormone called melatonin
  • Melatonin travels through blood to organs and triggers sleepiness
84
Q

Steps that contribute to our wake clock (2):

A
  • During the day, photoreceptors of the retina communicate presence of sunlight to the suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • Alters dopamine and melatonin signalling
85
Q

Low melatonin levels during the day is because

A

Of complex signalling system in the SCN that controls our sleep-wake patterns

86
Q

Alpha waves

A

Brainwaves that signify a relaxed yet still wakeful state (when we first go to bed and still awake)

87
Q

Hypnagogic state

A

A pre-sleep period often characterized by vivid sensory phenomena. We may feel as if we are floating, or we hear our name being called

88
Q

Myoclonic jerk

A

Sharp muscular spasm that generally accompanies the hypnagogic hallucination of falling

89
Q

Theta waves

A

Slower waves that usually replace alpha waves when stage 1 of sleep is entered

90
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Burst of brain activity lasting a second or two that occur during stage 2 sleep

91
Q

Delta waves

A

The slowest recorded brain waves typically showing during the end of stage 2 sleep. In stage 3, between 20-50% of our EEG waves are delta waves

92
Q

Non-REM sleep (NREM)

A

Stages 1 through 4 of normal sleep patterns

93
Q

Why is REM sleep also called paradoxical sleep

A

Because even though the body remains deeply relaxed on the surface, it experiences considerable activity internally

94
Q

Significance of REM sleep

A
  • Consolidation of memories of newly learned material
95
Q

Information processing theory

A

Hypothesis that dreams are the mind’s attempt to sort out and organize the day’s experiences and to fix them in memory

96
Q

Activation synthesis model

A

Biological theory that dreams result from the brain’s attempts to synthesize or organize random internally generated signals and give them meaning.

97
Q

Freudian Dream Theory:

A
  • Dreams represent the expression of unconscious wishes or desires
  • Dreams allow us to discharge internal energy associated with unacceptable feelings
98
Q

Latent content

A

The unconscious elements of dreams

99
Q

Manifest content of the dream

A

Dream images that people are able to recall

100
Q

Day dream

A

Fantasies that occur while one is awake and mindful of external reality but not fully conscious

101
Q

How many hours do babies sleep the first four months of life

A

14-17 hours each day

102
Q

How many hours do babies spend in REM sleep

A

8 hours per day

103
Q

How many hours do adults spend in REM sleep

A

2 hours

104
Q

Affects of poor sleep patterns on adolescence

A
  • Poorer physical
  • Psychological health
  • School performance
  • Increased risk-taking behavior
105
Q

What do repeated episodes of sleep apnea lead to

A

Cardiac arrest

106
Q

Excessive daytime sleepiness

A

Feeling drowsy or chronically tired even after having a good nights sleep

107
Q

Delayed sleep phase syndrome

A

Long delay in a person’s ability to fall asleep often hours past the time they wish to fall asleep - contributing factor to insomnia?

108
Q

Advanced sleep phase syndrome

A

People that fall asleep early in the evening between 6pm-9pm, prior to their desired time to fall asleep and wake up between 2am-5am before their desired time to wake up

109
Q

Restless leg syndrome (3)

A
  • Individuals have strong urge to move their legs just prior to falling asleep
  • Considered a sleep disorder because it typically gets worse when you are still and makes it difficult to fall asleep
  • Sensation of pins and needles
110
Q

Night terrors

A

Individuals who suffer from this usually awakens suddenly, sit in bed and scream in extreme fear with heighted heart and breathing rates, but are still asleep

111
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

Moving vigorously during sleep, caused by vivid dreams and high levels of electrical activity in the cortex

112
Q

Hypnosis

A

A seemingly altered state of consciousness during which individuals can be directed to act or experience the world in unusual ways

PSYC100 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions