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BIO211 > [Exam 4] chapter 27 > Flashcards

[Exam 4] chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

scrotum

A

sac of skin & superficial fascia; contains paired testes separated by a midline septum that provides a compartment for each testis
- external positioning keeps testes 3°C lower than core body temp. (necessary for sperm production)

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2
Q

testes

A

(within scrotum) produce sperm; septa divide testis into approx. 250 lobules, each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules

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3
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

thick, stratified epithelium surrounding central fluid-containing lumen; produce sperm; converge to form straight tubule

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4
Q

straight tubule

A

conveys sperm to rete testis

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5
Q

rete testis

A

where sperm partially mature

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6
Q

efferent ductules

A

route from the rete testis to the epididymis; parallel thin, delicate tubules

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7
Q

epididymis

A

hugs external testis surface posteriorly; made up of head, body & tail; sperm is stored in tail until ejaculation

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8
Q

interstitial cells

A

(leydig cells) that produce androgens (mostly testosterone)

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9
Q

testicular cancer

A

rare (only affects 1 of every 50,000 males); most common in males 15-35 y.o.
-risk factors= cryptorchidism (nondescent of testes) [most important]; mumps ➡orchitis (inflammation); mom’s exposure to toxins before birth; 90% cured by surgical removal of cancerous testis (orchiectomy)

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10
Q

spermatic cord

A

encloses parasympathetic nervous system & sympathetic nervous system nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & ductus deferens that supply testes
- passes through inguinal canal

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11
Q

penis

A

male copulatory organ designed to deliver sperm into female reproductive tract; apart of external genitalia
-consists of root & shaft that ends in glans penis

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12
Q

glans penis

A

rounded head / tip of penis; opening of urethra located in middle

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13
Q

erectile tissue

A

spongy network of connective tissue & smooth muscle riddled w/ vascular spaces

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14
Q

ductus / vas deferens

A

approx. 18 in long; passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity (part of spermatic cord); expands to form ampulla; joins duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct; smooth muscle in walls propels sperm from epididymis ➡ urethra

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15
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

each duct enters prostate; propels sperm from ductus deferens to urethra

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16
Q

prostatic urethra

A

conveys urine & semen at different times; surrounded by prostate

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17
Q

intermediate / membranous urethra

A

lies in between prostate & bulb of penis

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18
Q

spongy / penile urethra

A

runs through penis & opens to the outside at the external urethral orifice
- contains urethral glands that secrete mucus into lumen just before ejaculation

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19
Q

vasectomy

A

cutting & ligating (ties off) ductus deferens; nearly 100% effective form of birth control; reverse rate is approx. 50%

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20
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary constriction and relaxation of seminiferous tubules creating wave-like movements that push sperm into epididymis

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21
Q

seminal vesicles / glands

A

male accessory gland; on posterior bladder surface; smooth muscle contracts during ejaculation

  • produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid containing: fructose, coagulating enzyme (fibrinogen) & prostaglandins
  • 60-70% volume of semen
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22
Q

prostate gland

A

male accessory gland; produces 20-30% of semen; single gland; consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation; enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation

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23
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

male accessory gland; pea-sized & inferior to prostate

  • produce thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation
  • neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra
  • lubricates glans penis
  • neutralizes vagina
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24
Q

semen

A

milky-white mixture of sperm, testicular fluid & accessory gland secretions; only 2-5 ml of semen ejaculated; contains 20-150 million sperm/ml
-relative alkalinity (pH 7.2-8.0) neutralizes acid environment in male urethra & enhances motility

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25
Q

function of fructose in semen

A

ATP production; protects & activates sperm; facilitates sperm movement

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26
Q

function of prostaglandins in semen

A

decrease viscosity of mucus in cervix; stimulate reverse peristalsis in the uterus

  • help facilitate movement of sperm through female reproductive tract
  • contains clotting factors (fibrinogen) to coagulate semen immediately after ejaculation to prevent draining out; also liquifies semen
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27
Q

erection

A

enlargement & stiffening of the penis from engorgement of erectile tissue w/ blood

  • parasympathetic nervous reflex promotes release of nitric oxide (NO) locally ➡ erectile tissue to fill w/ blood
  • corpus cavernosa compresses drainage veins & retards blood outflow to maintain engorgement
  • longitudinal & circular collagen fibers prevent buckling of erect penis
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28
Q

ejaculation

A

propulsion of semen from male duct system

  • sympathetic nerves cause ducts & accessory glands to contract & empty contents into urethra
  • bladder internal sphincter muscle constricts to prevent expulsion of urine
  • bulbospongiosus muscles propel semen @ 200 in/s (approx. 11 mph)
29
Q

how many pairs of homologous chromosomes does most human body cells have?

A

23

30
Q

what does it mean if each human body cell has two sets of chromosomes (one maternal & one paternal)?

A

they are diploid (2n)

31
Q

how many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23

32
Q

meiosis

A

two consecutive cell divisions (meiosis I & II); only one round of DNA replications; produces four haploid daughter cells;

  • reduces chromosome number by half (2n➡n)
  • introduces genetic variability, as all daughter cells are genetically different from original cell
33
Q

crossing over

A

aka chiasmata; takes place during prophase I; allows for exchange of genetic material between maternal & paternal chromosomes; results in unique chromosomes that are mixtures of maternal & paternal chromosomes

34
Q

spermatogenesis

A

sequence of events that produces sperm (spermatozoa) in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
-begins at puberty & continues throughout life

35
Q

spermatogenesis steps (4)

A

spermatogonia ➡ spermatocytes ➡ spermatids ➡ sperm

36
Q

spermiogenesis

A

spermatids ➡ sperm; spermatids elongate, sheds excess cytoplasm and form a tail, becoming spermatozoon (sperm)

37
Q

major regions of sperm (3) and function

A

1) head- contains DNA and has a helmet-like acrosome that allow sperm to penetrate & enter the egg
2) midpiece- contains mitochondria spiraled around tail filaments ➡ ATP to move tail
3) tail- typical flagellum produced by centriole

38
Q

what does the acrosome (of sperm) contain that helps it penetrate & enter the egg?

A

lysosome (hydrolytic enzymes)

39
Q

male secondary sex characteristics

A
  • growth of body hair
  • growth of facial hair
  • enlargement of larynx (adam’s apple) & deepening of voice
  • increased stature
  • heavier bone structure
40
Q

ovaries

A

female gonads; produce female gametes (ova); secrete female sex hormones, estrogen, and progesterone

41
Q

medulla (of ovary)

A

includes blood vessels & nerves but the region is mostly poorly defined

42
Q

cortex (of ovary)

A

contains ovarian follicles

  • each follicle consists of an immature egg (oocyte)
  • cells around the oocyte are pre-granulosa if it is one cell layer thick
  • cells around oocyte are granulosa if they are more than one cell layer thick
43
Q

corpus luteum (function & location)

A
  • located in ovarian follicles of cortex
  • ruptured follicle after ovulation which eventually degenerate
  • responsible for progesterone
44
Q

uterine / fallopian / tubes / oviducts

A
  • receive ovulated oocyte & provide site for fertilization

- empty into superolateral region of uterus via isthmus

45
Q

ampulla

A

half of uterine tube length; site where fertilization occurs; ends in funnel-shaped, ciliated infundibulum

46
Q

fimbriae (location and structure)

A
  • located in infundibulum of uterine tubes

- fingerlike (ciliated) projections

47
Q

isthmus

A

-connects ampulla & infundibulum to uterus

narrow medial 3rd that empties into superolateral region of the uterus

48
Q

how is an oocyte carried toward the uterus?

A

by peristalsis & ciliary action

49
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A
  • oocyte fertilized in peritoneal cavity or distal uterine tube begins developing there
  • since tubes lack adequate mass & vascularization, they naturally abort w/ substantial bleeding
50
Q

uterus (w/ functions)

A

hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ; located in pelvis anterior to rectum & posterosuperior to bladder

  • receive, retain & nourish fertilized ovum
  • provides protective environment for the embryo
51
Q

cervix (of uterus)

A

narrow neck which projects into vagina inferiorly; “mucus plug”

52
Q

uterine wall layers (3)

A

1) perimetrium= outermost serous layer (visceral peritoneum)
2) myometrium= bulky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
- contracts rhythmically during childbirth, & reverse peristalsis
3) endometrium= mucosal lining
- simple columnar epithelium on top of a thick lamina propria
- fertilized egg burrows into endometrium & resides there during development

53
Q

endometrium layers / strata (2)

A

1) stratum functionalis (functional layer)= undergoes cyclic changes in response to ovarian hormones
- is shed during menstruation (approx. every 28 days)
2) stratum basalis (basal layer)
- forms a new stratum functionalis after menstruation ends
- does not respond to ovarian hormones

54
Q

endometriosis

A

endometrium grows outside of uterus

55
Q

vagina

A

aka birth canal; thin-walled tube lying between bladder & rectum

  • extending from cervix to exterior of body
  • 3-4in long
  • organ of copulation
  • provides passageway for birth & menstrual flow
56
Q

external genitalia

A

(vulva or pudendum) lies external to vagina; includes the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, & vestibular structures

57
Q

mons pubis

A

round, fatty area overlying pubic symphysis, contains pubic hair after puberty

58
Q

labia majora

A

elongated, hair-covered, fatty skin folds homologous to male scrotum

59
Q

labia minora (including vestibule)

A

hair-free skin folds lying within the labia majora; homologous to the ventral penis
-enclose a recess called the vestibule which contains urethral orifice & vaginal orifice

60
Q

greater vestibular gland

A
  • homologous to the bulbo-urethral glands

- keeps the vestibule moist & lubricated

61
Q

clitoris (including features)

A
  • homologous to the penis
  • erectile tissue hooded by prepuce of clitoris
  • exposed portion=glans of clitoris
  • erectile tissue contains corpora cavernosa but lacks corpus spongiosum
62
Q

oogenesis

A
  • production of female sex cells by meiosis
  • oogonia ➡ primary oocytes ➡ secondary oocyte (ovulated) & 1st polar body (if fertilized) ➡ one large ovum & 2nd polar body
63
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

64
Q

ovarian cycle

A

monthly series of events associated w/ maturation of an egg; consists of 2 phases= follicular phase & luteal phase

65
Q

follicular phase

A

(time varies); period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1-14); ovulation occurs midcycle

66
Q

luteal phase

A

period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)

-corpus luteum forms progesterone & some estrogen until placenta takes over

67
Q

uterine cycle

A

preparation of lining of uterus (endometrium) for implantation by a fertilized egg & shedding of lining when implantation failed

  • usually occurs within 28 days
  • consists of menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase
68
Q

female secondary sex characterisics

A
  • rounded hips
  • decreased ability to generate muscle mass at a fast rate
  • decreased upper body strength
  • breasts
  • menstrual cycle
  • increased body fat
69
Q

embryo

A

conceptus ➡ week 8;

fetus = week 9 ➡ birth

BIO211 (4 decks)

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