Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO211 > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

anastomoses

A

collateral / alternative routes to prevent blockage of blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bradycardia

A

persistent resting adult heart rate <60 BPM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tachycardia

A

persistent resting adult heart rate > 100 BPM; may lead to fibrillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid, irregular contractions; useless for pumping blood ➡️ circulation ceases ➡️ brain death
ex) “looks like a bag of worms”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

angina pectoris

A

imbalance associated with coronary circulation; temporary ischemia (blockage) of circulation; can be caused by spasms of coronary arteries or increased demand on the heart; cells are weakened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

too much fluid in pericardium ➡️ compresses heart ➡️ limits pumping ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium; not enough serous fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ductus arteriosis

A

connects pulmonary trunk to aorta in baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A

connects pulmonary trunk to aorta in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

auricles

A

found in atria; appendage that increases atrial volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pectinate muscles

A

mark right atrial wall and auricles; resemble teeth of a comb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fossa ovalis

A

remnant of foramen ovale in adult; depression in right atrium @ level of interatrial septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

foramen ovale

A

opening that connects atria in baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

rounded / irregular muscular columns which project from inner surface of right + left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

valvular prolapse

A

“incompetent valve”; blood backflows so heart repumps same blood over and over; caused by improper closing of valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack; prolonged ischemia; fibrosis (no longer functional cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

progressive condition; due to weakened heart caused by
1) coronary atherosclerosis = plaque buildup

2) persistent high bp
3) multiple MIs
4) valvular insufficiency = leaky valves
5) dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM): ventricles stretch & become flabby; causes = unknown, alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

inotropic (pos. & neg.)

A

substances that control contractility

1) positive inotropic agents increase contractility: hypercalcemia; certain hormones (glucagon, thyroxine, epinephrine)
2) negative inotropic agents decrease contractility: acidosis created by hypercapnia (increase in CO2 & H+); hyperkalemia (too much K in blood); hypocalcemia (calcium channel blockers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chronotropic (pos. & neg.)

A
  • positive factors = ⬆️HR
  • negative factors= ⬇️HR
  • K+ has greatest chronotropic effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cardiac reserve

A

difference between resting and maximal cardiac output (CO)

  • greater w/ fitness
  • less w/ disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

baroreceptors

A

stretch receptors; monitor changes in BP; causes increased ANS stimulation; pressure sensors in aortic arch, carotid sinuses & large arteries of neck & thorax

-⬇️BP = ⬆️HR

-⬆️BP= ⬇️HR
by cardiac center to match HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

chordae tendineae

A

anchor cusps of AV valves to papillary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

papillary muscles

A

muscles located in ventricles; attach to cusps of AV valves via chordae tendineae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

coronary circulation

A

circulation to the heart itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
layers of heart wall / pericardium (from outer ➡️ inner)
epicardium ➡️ myocardium ➡️ endocardium
26
epicardium
visceral layer of serous pericardium; infiltrated w/ fat
27
myocardium
bundle of cardiac muscle cells forming bulk of fat -contains fibrous cardiac skeleton of heart= crisscrossing layer of connective tissue; prevents electrical signal to move from contracted atria to relaxed ventricles or vice versa; nonconductor
28
endocardium
inner myocardial surface - simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) - inside lining of heart is continuous with inside lining of blood vessels which is continuous with lining of lymphoid tissues
29
importance of ventricle wall thickness
thickest in left ventricle so chamber can create enough pressure needed to pump blood into aorta and throughout systemic circulation
30
purpose of heart valves (why do they open & close?)
- ensure unidirectional blood flow through heart | - open & close in response to pressure changes
31
major types of valves (2)
1) atrioventricular valves between atria & ventricles | 2) semilunar valves between ventricles & major arteries
32
what is the "lub-dup" sound associated with?
closing of the heart valves
33
first sound (S1)
occurs as AV valve closes & signifies beginning of ventricular systole (contraction) - S1 is louder & longer
34
second sound (S2)
occurs when SL valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole (relaxation) -S2 is softer & shorter
35
systole
contraction of heart muscle
36
diastole
relaxation of heart muscle
37
trace path of blood through heart
right atrium ➡️ tricuspid valve ➡️ right ventricle ➡️ pulmonary semilunar valve ➡️ pulmonary trunk ➡️ pulmonary arteries ➡️ lungs ➡️ pulmonary veins ➡️ left atrium ➡️ bicuspid valve ➡️ left ventricle ➡️ aortic semilunar valve ➡️ aorta ➡️ body
38
right side of heart | {pulmonary vs systemic circuit}
pumps blood to lungs to get rid of CO2 & pick up O2 via pulmonary circuit
39
left side of heart | {pulmonary vs systemic circuit}
receives oxygenated blood from lungs; pumps blood to body tissues via systemic circuit
40
right atrium | {receiving chamber of heart}
receives blood returning from systemic circuit
41
left atrium | {receiving chamber of heart}
receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit
42
right ventricle | {pumping chamber of heart}
pumps blood through pulmonary circuit
43
left ventricle | {pumping chamber of the heart}
pumps blood through systemic circuit
44
autorhythmic
heart muscle is self-excitable
45
importance of Ca2+ in the heart
- plays important role in cardiac muscle fibers - 10-20% comes from extracellular fluid (from blood to heart) - once it is inside the heart, 80% is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum - during excitation-contraction coupling, it binds to troponin ➡ filaments slide
46
flow through the intrinsic conduction system
sinoatrial (SA) node ➡ atrioventricular (AV) node ➡ atrioventricular (AV) bundle ➡ bundle branches ➡ purkinje fibers
47
function of pacemaker cells
unstable resting potentials = pacemaker potentials / prepotentials - cells start at -60mv & slowly drifts toward threshold (-40mv) - Na+ gates NEVER close; no resting membrane potential
48
function of depolarization
at approx. -40mv Ca2+ channels open - use calcium (rather than sodium) for rising phase of action potential - Ca2+ channel blockers causes less depolarization to control heart rate
49
repolarization
closes Ca2+ gates & opens K+ gate
50
sinoatrial (SA) node
in right atrium; pacemaker / generates impulses
51
atrioventricular (AV) node
receives signal from SA node by gap junctions; gateway to ventricles ➡ only way signal can spread from atria to ventricles
52
what prevents SA node signal from spreading to ventricles?
fibrous cardiac skeleton
53
atrioventricular (AV) bundle
connects atria to ventricles
54
bundle branches
smaller wires than wires through purkinje fibers ; slows down signal which allows time for atrium to contract; conduc impulses through interventricular septum
55
purkinje fibers
depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles; larger wires than bundle branches to depolarize ventricle & contract while atrium is relaxed
56
types of myocytes (2)
contractile cells | pacemaker cells
57
contractile cell
responsible for contraction
58
pacemaker cell
noncontractile cells that spontaneously depolarize; initiate depolarization of entire heart
59
where are gap junctions located and why?
only in apex to push blood upward & contracts from apex up
60
electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG)
graphic recording of electrical activity; composite of all action potentials at a given time; not a tracing of a single AP
61
P wave (of an ECG)
corresponds to depolarization of SA node & atria
62
QRS complex (of an ECG)
corresponds to ventricular depolarization
63
T wave (of an ECG)
corresponds to ventricular repolarization
64
sinus rhythm
set by SA node; 70-80 bpm; normal
65
nodal (junctional) rhythm
set by AV node; 40-60 bpm; still adequate to maintain circulation
66
intrinsic ventricular rhythm
set by AV bundle, bundle branches & purkinje fibers; 20-40 bpm; not adequate to maintain circulation
67
ectopic focus
caused by a defect in SA node; abnormal pacemaker; AV node may take over; sets junctional rhythm (40-60 bpm)
68
where is the cardiac center located?
medulla oblongata
69
what is the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) {acetylcholine} activated by?
stress, anxiety, excitement, exercise
70
significance of parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) {epinephrine}
opposes SNS; dominates autonomic stimulation; slows HR & causes vagal tone = activity of vagus nerve
71
cardiac cycle
all events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat
72
phases of the cardiac cycle
ventricular filling ➡ ventricular systole ➡ isovolumetric relaxation of ventricles
73
ventricular filling (phase of the cardiac cycle)
- AV valves are open, pressure low - 80% of blood passively flows from atria into ventricles - atrial systole occurs, delivering remaining 20% into ventricles - SA node fires, atria depolarize - P wave appears on ECG
74
ventricular systole (phase of the cardiac cycle)
- atria repolarize & relax - ventricles depolarize - QRS complex appears on ECG - ventricles contract - rising ventricular pressure results in closing AV valves (S1 sound is heard)
75
isovolumetric relaxation of ventricles (phase of the cardiac cycle)
- T wave appears on ECG - ventricles repolarize and relax - causes backflow of blood in aorta & pulmonary trunk which closes semilunar valves (S2 is heard) - atria relaxed & filling, AV valves remain closed - starts over with ventricular filling when atrial pressure exceeds that in ventricles ➡ AV valves open
76
dicrotic notch
brief rise in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off semilunar valves
77
cardiac output (CO)
volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute | - CO = heart rate (HR) * stroke volume (SV)
78
stroke volume (SV)
volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat | - SV = end diastolic volume (EDV) - end systolic volume (ESV)
79
heart rate (HR)
number of beats per minute (BPM)
80
end diastolic volume (EDV)
volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole (right before systole / contraction) - approx. 120 ml of blood
81
end systolic volume (ESV)
volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole
82
ejection fraction
SV / EDV
83
factors that affect SV (3)
preload contractility afterload
84
preload
degree of stretch | - increased preload = increased SV
85
contractility
inherent strength and vigor of the heart's contraction during systole; independent of muscle stretch and EDV - increased contractility = increased SV
86
inotropic agents
substances that control contractility - positive agents increase contractility (hypercalcemia; certain hormones (glucagon, thyroxine, epinephrine) - negative agents decrease contractility (acidosis by hypercapnia {increase in CO2 & H+}; hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia)
87
afterload
arterial blood pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood during systole - increased afterload = decreased SV
88
frank-starling law of the heart
SV is proportional to EDV
89
venous return
amount of blood returning to heart; most important factor stretching cardiac muscle
90
when ischemia takes place in the heart, what is the biggest concern?
oxygen
91
aneurysm
weakening of artery
92
vein
merges from postcapillary venules; have all tunics but thinner walls w/ large lumens compared w/ corresponding arteries; blood pressure lower than in arteries
93
artery
any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body.
94
precapillary sphincters
cut off smooth muscle @ metarterioles to regulate blood flow
95
portal systems
blood flows through two consecutive capillary beds before returning to the heart ex) hypothalamus - anterior pituitary; glomerulus - peritubular capillaries; small intestines - liver
96
perfusion
rate of blood flow per given mass of tissue; measured in ML/min/g; important for delivery of nutrients, oxygen & removal of waste
97
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
pressure that propels the blood to the tissues; diastole last 2/3rd of the time, systole lasts 1/3rd of the time - MAP= [2(DBP) + SBP] / 3
98
orthostatic hypotension
temporary low BP & dizziness when suddenly rising from sitting or reclining position
99
hypotension
low blood pressure (< 90/60)
100
hypertension
high BP; sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher
101
route of blood from heart back to heart again
arteries ➡ arterioles ➡ capillaries (exchange) ➡ venules ➡ veins
102
structure of blood vessel wall
all vessels consist of lumen; walls of vessels (except capillaries) have 3 layers / tunics= 1) tunica intima / interna 2) tunica media 3) tunica externa
103
lumen
central blood - containing space surrounded by a wall

BIO211 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions