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BIO211 > [Exam 3] chapter 23 > Flashcards

[Exam 3] chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract)

A

aka “gut”; continuous muscular tube that runs from the mouth to the anus; responsible for digesting & absorbing food
- organs include: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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2
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of contraction & relaxation of muscles in organ walls; occurs in muscularis externa of GI tract

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3
Q

segmentation

A

intestine alternates contracting & relaxing thus moving food forward then backwards

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4
Q

mesentery

A

double layer of peritoneum that provides:

  • routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & nerves
  • hold digestive organs in place & store fat
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5
Q

omentum

A

special name for some mesenteries;

  • greater omentum= drapes from greater curvature of stomach like an apron; riddles w/ fat deposits & lymph nodes
  • less omentum= runs from liver to lesser curvature of stomach
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6
Q

labial frenulum

A

median fold that joins internal aspect of each lip to the gum

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7
Q

lingual frenulum

A

secures tongue to floor of mouth

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8
Q

gingivitis

A

starts w/ accumulation of plaque on gums (gingiva)

  • as plaque accumulates, it calcifies & forms calculus / tartar
  • tartar disrupts seals between gingivae & teeth
  • anaerobic bacteria infect gums
  • if tartar is not removed, bacteria forms pockets of infection which become inflamed
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9
Q

intrinsic (minor) salivary glands

A

scattered throughout oral cavity; secrete @ constant rate

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10
Q

peridontitis

A

aka periodontal disease; caused by neglected gingivitis; immune cells attack bacterial intruders & body tissues ➡ destroys periodontal ligament ➡ activates osteoclasts ➡ dissolve bone

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11
Q

bolus

A

food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva

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12
Q

chyme

A

chemical digestion of bolus; bolus + gastric juices

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13
Q

heartburn / acid reflux

A

aka gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); created by regurgitated gastric juices (stomach acid) into esophagus; occur due to excessive food/drink, pregnancy, extreme obesity, laying down, hiatal hernia; can lead to esophagitis, esophageal ulcers / cancer

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14
Q

diarrhea

A

watery stools results when large intestine does not have sufficient time to absorb remaining water;
caused by irritation of colon by bacteria / jostling of digestive viscera;
prolonged may result in dehydration & electrolyte imbalance (acidosis / loss of potassium)

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15
Q

constipation

A

occurs when food remains in colon for extended periods of time & too much water is absorbed; stool becomes hard and difficult to pass; may result from insufficient fiber or fluid in diet, improper bowel habits, lack of exercise, laxative abuse

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16
Q

bile pigment (bilirubin)

A

waste product of heme (red blood cell breakdown); secreted by liver

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17
Q

processes of digestion (6)

A

1) ingestion
2) propulsion
3) mechanical breakdown
4) chemical digestion
5) absorption
6) defecation

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18
Q

ingestion

[process of digestion]

A

taking food into digestive tract

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19
Q

propulsion

[process of digestion]

A

swallowing & persistalsis

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20
Q

mechanical breakdown

[process of digestion]

A

chewing, mixing, & churning food in stomach & segmentation by small intestines

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21
Q

chemical digestion

[process of digestion]

A

catabolic breakdown of food using enzymes

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22
Q

absorption

[process of digestion]

A

passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood & lymph

23
Q

defecation

[process of digestion]

A

elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces

24
Q

trace food particles from mouth ➡ anus

A

mouth ➡ pharynx ➡ esophagus ➡ stomach ➡ duodenum ➡ jejunum ➡ ileum ➡ ascending colon ➡ transverse colon ➡ descending colon ➡sigmoid colon ➡rectum ➡ anus

25
Q

layers of alimentary canal from lumen out (4)

A

1) mucosa
2) submucosa
3) muscularis externa
4) serosa

26
Q

mouth

[function/characteristics in chemical digestion & nutrient absorption]

A

aka oral / buccal cavity; chews food, mixes it w/ saliva which begins digestion; lined with stratified squamous epithelium

27
Q

saliva

[function/characteristics in chemical digestion & nutrient absorption]

A

cleans the mouth; moistens & dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted; aids in bolus formation; contains enzymes that break down starch (amylase)

28
Q

esophagus

[function/characteristics in chemical digestion & nutrient absorption]

A

collapsed muscular tube (approx. 10 in) going from laryngopharynx to stomach; contains stratified squamous epithelium ➡ simple columnar @ stomach;
esophageal glands in submucosa secrete mucus to aid in bolus movement

29
Q

stomach

[function/characteristics in chemical digestion & nutrient absorption]

A

found in upper left quadrant; 6-10in long; empty stomach collapses inward to form longitudinal folds = rugae (increases surface area)
- cardial part (cardia) ➡ fundus ➡ body ➡ pyloric part

30
Q

small intestines & subdivisions (3)

[function/characteristics in chemical digestion & nutrient absorption]

A

7-13ft long tube which runs from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve (sphincter);

  • 3 subdivisions= duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • functions= complete digestion (major digestive organ), most absorption occurs here
31
Q

villi

[function/characteristics in chemical digestion & nutrient absorption]

A

adapted for nutrient absorption in small intestine; fingerlike extensions of mucosa; capillary beds & lacteals for absorption

32
Q

lacteal

[function/characteristics in chemical digestion & nutrient absorption]

A

lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood; found in villi of small intestine

33
Q

microvilli

[function/characteristics in chemical digestion & nutrient absorption]

A

adapted for nutrient absorption in small intestine; forms brush border; increase surface area; tiny projections of plasma membrane of absorptive mucosal cells; contain enzymes for carb & protein digestion

34
Q

large intestines & subdivisions (4)

[function/characteristics in chemical digestion & nutrient absorption]

A

extends from ileocecal valve to the anus; has larger diameter than small intestine but is approx. 1/2 as long; absorbs remaining water from indigestible food residues; stores indigestible residues temporarily; eliminate indigestible residues as feces
- 4 subdivisions= cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

35
Q

cecum

A

1st part of large intestine; contains vermiform “appendix”; = contains MALT; stores bacteria to recolonize gut when needed; twisted shape makes it susceptible to blockages

36
Q

haustra

A

feature of large intestine; pocketlike sacs caused by tone of teniae coli

37
Q

gallbladder

[function]

A

accessory organ associated w/ small intestine; storage of bile

38
Q

pancreas

[function]

A

accessory organ associated w/ small intestine; supplies most enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

39
Q

liver & lobes (4)

[function]

A

largest gland in body; contains lobes= right, left, caudate & quadrate
-functions= storage of glycogen, storage of fat-soluble vitamins, detoxification (alcohol, ammonia to urea), production of plasma proteins, only digestive function to produce ~900 ml of bile per day
metabolic function➡ process nutrient-laden venous blood

40
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

collects nutrient-rich venous blood from digestive organs; delivers blood to liver for metabolic processing or storage

41
Q

types of salivary glands (2)

A

minor (intrinsic) salivary glands & major (extrinsic) salivary glands

42
Q

extrinsic (major) salivary glands (3)

A

1) parotid= anterior to ear & external to masseter muscle
2) submandibular= medial to body of mandible; duct opens @ base of lingual frenulum
3) sublingual= anterior to submandibular gland under tongue; opens via 10-12 ducts into floor of mouth

43
Q

lower esophageal sphincter / gastroesophageal sphincter / cardiac sphincter

A

diaphragm keeps this closed when not swallowing food

44
Q

pyloric sphincter / valve

A

controls stomach emptying

45
Q

plicae circulares (circular folds)

A

adapted for nutrient absorption; deep circular folds of mucosa & submucosa; causes chyme to slowly spiral down through lumen

46
Q

bile duct

A

removes bile from liver; right & left bile ducts fuse into common hepatic duct

47
Q

cystic duct

A

common hepatic duct fuses with this duct to drain gallbladder; 2 ducts from bile duct

48
Q

hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

controls entry of bile & pancreatic juice

49
Q

bile

A

fat emulsifier

50
Q

bacterial flora

A

consists of 1000+ different types of bacteria
purpose of these bacteria include:
- synthesize B complex vitamins & vitamin K
- metabolize host-derived molecules (mucin, heparin, hyaluronic acid)
- ferment indigestible carbs that can be absorbed & used for fuel by body’s cells (cellulose, xylan)
- release irritating acids & gases (~500 ml/day)
- deter growth of harmful bacteria by “out-competing” them & outnumbering harmful bacteria

51
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

composed of involuntary smooth muscle

52
Q

external anal sphincter

A

composed of voluntary skeletal muscle

53
Q

secretory cells of extrinsic salivary glands (2)

[and what they produce]

A

1) serous cells= produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions, mucin
2) mucous cells= produce mucus

54
Q

cells of the stomach (5)

[and what they produce]

A

1) mucous neck cells= secrete acidic mucus of unknown function
2) parietal cells= secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) & intrinsic factor (normal hemoglobin production in RBCs)
3) chief cells= produce pepsinogen & lipases➡ enzymes that digest lipids & proteins
4) enteroendocrine cells= secrete gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin (CCK), & somatostatin into blood capillaries
5) regenerative cells

BIO211 (4 decks)

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