Exam 4- Chapter 22

Question 1

tongue made up of

Answer 1

skeletal muscle covered with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

Question 2

salivary glands

Answer 2

-parotid glands
-submandibular glands
-sublingual glands

Question 3

saliva contains

Answer 3

salivary glands
lysozyme
secretory IgA
bicarbonate ions

Question 4

pharynx is lined with

Answer 4

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 5

esophagus is lined with

Answer 5

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium that contain esogeal glands

esogeal glands secrete mucus to lubricate the passageway

Question 6

stages of deglutition

Answer 6

1. voluntary phase
2. pharyngeal phase
3. esophageal phase

Question 7

mucus neck cell
(cell type in gastric glands of stomach)

Answer 7

secretes acid mucus
prevents neutralization of acid produced by partial cell

Question 8

parietal cell
(cell type in gastric glands of stomach)

Answer 8

secretes hydrochloric acid (HCI)
responsible for acidic pH of gastric juice
activates pepsinogen
destroys many disease-causing organisms

Question 9

chief cells
(cell type in gastric glands of stomach)

Answer 9

secretes inactive enzyme pepsinogen
(when inactive pepsinogen encounters acidic pH it becomes active enzyme pepsin-> begins protein digestion in stomach)

Question 10

DNES cell
(cell type in gastric glands of stomach)

Answer 10

G cells secrete hormone gastrin-> stimulates secretion from other parietal cells
DNES cells produce hormone histamine

Question 11

enzymes secreted in stomach

Answer 11

pepsin
gastric lipase

Question 12

what is absorbed by stomach

Answer 12

water
electrolytes
vitamins

Question 13

pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions

Answer 13

endocrine system- secretes hormones insulin + glucagon
exocrine system- enzymes secreted primarily by clusters of acinar cells

Question 14

pancreatic juice

Answer 14

secretion of acinar + duct cells

Question 15

ducts cells secrete _________ _____ which makes the pancreatic juice more alkaline (basic)

Answer 15

bicarbonate ions

Question 16

digestive enzymes

Answer 16

pancreatic amylase
trypsin
chymotrypsin
pancreatic lipase

Question 17

liver main function

Answer 17

produce bile

Question 18

gallbladder main function

Answer 18

store bile

Question 19

liver lobule is composed of

Answer 19

hepatocytes
(arranged in hexagon shape)

Question 20

at each corner of lobule there are 3 structures:

Answer 20

portal triad
portal venue
bile duct

Question 21

bile function

Answer 21

digestion + absorption of lipids
mechanism by which liver excretes waste and other substances the kidney cannot exercise

Question 22

bile contains items that liver excretes

Answer 22

cholesterol
waste products
toxins (heavy metals)

Question 23

other function of liver

Answer 23

nutrient metabolism - process ingested nutrient
detoxification - detoxifies substances we eat & drink
excretion - directly secretes bilirubin in bile

Question 24

3 divisions of small intestine

Answer 24

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

Question 25

duodenum

Answer 25

duodenal submucosal glands contain specialized glands called brunner’s glands -> which produce alkaline mucus to protect duodenum from acidic chyme

Question 26

jejunum

Answer 26

most active site for chemical digestion + absorption

Question 27

internal surface area of small intestine contain 3 types of folds

Answer 27

circular folds
villi
microvilli

Question 28

what happens in small intestine

Answer 28

segmentation - move content towards anal direction
peristalsis - mixing to promote absorption of nutrient & water

Question 29

peristalsis

Answer 29

alternating contactions of longitudinal + curcular layers of smooth muscle in muscularis externa

Question 30

segmentation

Answer 30

contraction of ONLY circular layer of smooth muscle
producting squeezing motion

Question 31

enzymes secreted by small intestine

Answer 31

maltase
sucrase
lactase

Question 32

what does the stomach secrete

Answer 32

gastric juice to breakdown the ingested food

Question 33

chyme

Answer 33

the pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.