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A&P > Exam 3- Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Exam 3- Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

boyle’s law

A

gas pressure + volume are inversely related

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2
Q

as volume increases, pressure…

A

decreases

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3
Q

as volume decreases, pressure…

A

increases

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4
Q

how does boyle’s law relate to inspiration

A

as lung volume increases -> intrapulmonary pressure decreases which causes air to rush into lungs

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5
Q

how does boyle’s law relate to expiration

A

as lung volume decreases-> intrapulmonary pressure increases causing air to move out of lungs

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6
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

-created by the pull of gravity on air around us
-at sea level AP=760 mm Hg
-increases above sea level
-decreases below sea level

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7
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

-air pressure within the alveoli
-rises + falls w inspiration & expiration
-always eventually equalizes with AP

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8
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

-air pressure with pleural cavity
-rises + falls w inspiration & expiration
-does NOT equal atmospheric pressure, about 4 mm Hg less than intrapulmonary pressure

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9
Q

inspiration is ______

A

active
def: involve muscle contraction

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10
Q

expiration is ______

A

passive
def: does not involve muscle contaction

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11
Q

what factors affect ventilation

A

-air pressure
-airway resistance
-alveolar surface tension
-pulmonary compliance

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12
Q

airway resistance

A

anything that impedes air flow in respiratory tract

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13
Q

resistance ______ during inspiration

A

decreases

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14
Q

resistance ______ during expiration

A

increases

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15
Q

diameter of bronchioles is controlled by…

A

smooth muscle contraction & relaxation

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16
Q

bronchodialation

A

increases diameter of bronchioles

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17
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

decreases diameter of bronchioles

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18
Q

alveolar surface tension

A

alveoli are connected by thin liquid film made of water creating gas

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19
Q

atelectasis

A

high amounts of unopposed surface tension causes alveolus to collapse during expiration

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20
Q

what produces surfactant

A

type ll alveolar cells

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21
Q

pulmonary compliance

A

ability of lungs + chest walls to stretch

22
Q

what are the 3 factors that determine pulmonary compliance

A

-degree of alveolar surface tension
-denstenibility of elastic tissue
-ability for chest walls to move or stretch during inspiration

23
Q

spirometer

A

produces graph that records normal & forced inspiration + expiration

24
Q

tidal volume

A

around 500 ml
volume of air exchanged with normal breathing

25
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximum amount of air that can be forcibly inspired after the normal inspiration

26
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

maximum amount of air that can be forcibly expired after the normal expiration

27
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air that remains in the lungs after forced expiration

28
Q

inspiratory capacitiy

A

total amount of air that can be inspired
TV+IRV

29
Q

functional residual capicity

A

total amount of air that normally remains in the lungs after tidal expiration (normal breathing)
ERV+RV

30
Q

vital capacity

A

total amount of exchangeable air that can be moved in & out of lungs
TV+IRV+ERV

31
Q

total lung capacity

A

sum of all pulmonary volumes; represents total amount of exchangeable and nonexchangeable air in lungs
TV+IRV+ERV+RV

32
Q

dalton’s law

A

each gas in mixture exerts it’s own pressure (partial pressure)
total pressure of gas mixture is the sum of partial pressure of all its component gasses.

33
Q

pulmonary gas exchange is ________ respiration

A

external
-pulmonary gas exchange is is the diffusion of gasses between alveoli and blood

34
Q

tissue gas exchange is ________ respiration

A

internal
-tissue gas exchange is the diffusion of gasses between blood and tissues

35
Q

factors affecting pulmonary gas exchange

A

-surface area of respiratory membrane
-thickness of membrane
-ventilation-perfusion matching
def: degree of match between the amount of air reaching alveoli (ventilation) & amount of blood flow (perfusion) in pulmonary capillaries.

36
Q

hypoxemia

A

low blood oxygen level

37
Q

hypercapnia

A

high blood carbon dioxide level

38
Q

factors affecting tissue gas exchange

A

-surface area available for gas exchange (of branched systemic capillaries)
-distance over which diffusion must occur
-perfusion of tissue

39
Q

-about 1.5% of inspired oxygen is dissolved in _____
-majority of oxygen is transported in plasma by _________

A

plasma
hemoglobin (Hb)

40
Q

affinity

A

bond strnegth with which Hb binds to oxygen

41
Q

majorty of total CO2 is transported in the form of _______________ ____

A

bicarbonate ions
(are imporant to blood pH homeostasis)

42
Q

buffer

A

a solution that can resist pH change of an acidic or basic component

43
Q

if hydrogen ions are added they bind to ___________ ___ to form _________ _____

A

bicarbonate ions
carbonic acid

44
Q

dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

45
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing

46
Q

ventral respiratory group

A

-anterior portion of medulla!!
-responsible for rhythmicity of breathing!!!

-VRG neurons send impulses along spinal cord that trigger action potential in:
-intercostal nerves (innervates external intercostal muscles
-phrenic nerve (innervates diaphragm)

47
Q

dorsal respiratory group

A

-posterior portion of medulla !!
-responsible for inspiration !!

-sends impulse along spinal cord that trigger ction potential in:
-intercostal nerves (innervates external intercostal muscles
-phrenic nerve (innervates diaphragm)

48
Q

central chemoreceptor

A

neurons in medullary reticular formation
detects changes in both CO2 and H+ concentration by monitoring H+ levels in cerebrospinal fluid

49
Q

central chemoreceptor function

A

-relay info to DRG which alerts VRG

50
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

specialized cells in carotid arteries and aorta (called carotid bodies & aortic bodies)

51
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors function

A

detects when arterial PO2 falls below 70 mm Hg (normal 100 mm Hg)
chemorecptors send signals to DRG along glossopharangeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X)

A&P (6 decks)

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