Exam 4 - Chapter 21 Flashcards
genomics
study of the genome including whole sets of genes and their interactions
bioinformatics
application of the computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data
applications of genomics
how genes interact and are expressed, determining causes of diseases, developing genetic treatments, function of certain DNA sequences, epigenetics, other applications
human genome project
goal of sequencing the first human genome
shot gun sequencing
- skips genetic and physical mapping
- dna fragments are copied and cut into smaller pieces
- each pieces is sequenced and computers align the fragments into a continuous DNA sequence
next-generation sequencing
series of automated techniques for rapid, low cost sequencing
GenBank
- database of genetic sequences
- matches for: specific DNA sequence, predicted protein sequence, common stretches of animo acids in a protein
proteomics
study of all proteins encoded by a genome
genome size
1-6million base pairs, eukaryotes are much larger
noncoding DNA
- bulk of most eukaryotic genomes neither encodes proteins nor functional RNA
- humans have 500 noncoding regions
transposable elements
mobile genetic elements that can move from one location to another
barbara mcclintock’s breeding experiments
- identified changes in the color of corn kernels that only made sense if there were some genetic elements capable of moving into the gene for the kernel color
- confirmed when transposable elements found in bacteria
transposons
move by means of DNA intermediate
retrotransponons
move by means of RNA intermediate
evolutionary tree
visual representation of compaison of genomes about evolutionary history
Human genome project
linkage mapping, physical mapping, DNA sequencing
linkage mapping HGP
- genomic mapping is process of finding location of genes on each chromosome
- linkage map maps location of several thousand genetic markers
- genetic marker is gene or other identifiable DNA sequnce
- recombination frequencins between genetic markers allowed scientists to determine the relative order and distance between each marker resulting in a linkage map
physical mapping HGP
-physical map expresses the distance between genetic markers as number of base pairs along DNA
DNA sequencing
-uses laser scanners and nucleotides with fluorescent makers to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of a sample