Exam 4 - Chapter 21

Question 1

genomics

Answer 1

study of the genome including whole sets of genes and their interactions

Question 2

bioinformatics

Answer 2

application of the computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data

Question 3

applications of genomics

Answer 3

how genes interact and are expressed, determining causes of diseases, developing genetic treatments, function of certain DNA sequences, epigenetics, other applications

Question 4

human genome project

Answer 4

goal of sequencing the first human genome

Question 5

shot gun sequencing

Answer 5

• skips genetic and physical mapping
• dna fragments are copied and cut into smaller pieces
• each pieces is sequenced and computers align the fragments into a continuous DNA sequence

Question 6

next-generation sequencing

Answer 6

series of automated techniques for rapid, low cost sequencing

Question 7

GenBank

Answer 7

• database of genetic sequences

- matches for: specific DNA sequence, predicted protein sequence, common stretches of animo acids in a protein

Question 8

proteomics

Answer 8

study of all proteins encoded by a genome

Question 9

genome size

Answer 9

1-6million base pairs, eukaryotes are much larger

Question 10

noncoding DNA

Answer 10

• bulk of most eukaryotic genomes neither encodes proteins nor functional RNA
• humans have 500 noncoding regions

Question 11

transposable elements

Answer 11

mobile genetic elements that can move from one location to another

Question 12

barbara mcclintock’s breeding experiments

Answer 12

• identified changes in the color of corn kernels that only made sense if there were some genetic elements capable of moving into the gene for the kernel color
• confirmed when transposable elements found in bacteria

Question 13

transposons

Answer 13

move by means of DNA intermediate

Question 14

retrotransponons

Answer 14

move by means of RNA intermediate

Question 15

evolutionary tree

Answer 15

visual representation of compaison of genomes about evolutionary history

Question 16

Human genome project

Answer 16

linkage mapping, physical mapping, DNA sequencing

Question 17

linkage mapping HGP

Answer 17

• genomic mapping is process of finding location of genes on each chromosome
• linkage map maps location of several thousand genetic markers
• genetic marker is gene or other identifiable DNA sequnce
• recombination frequencins between genetic markers allowed scientists to determine the relative order and distance between each marker resulting in a linkage map

Question 18

physical mapping HGP

Answer 18

-physical map expresses the distance between genetic markers as number of base pairs along DNA

Question 19

DNA sequencing

Answer 19

-uses laser scanners and nucleotides with fluorescent makers to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of a sample