Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 1406 > Exam 2 - Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

fundamental unit of life

A

cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 types of cells

A
  • prokaryotic : lack a nucleus and other membrane bound structures
  • eukaryotic : cells with a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound structures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cell theory

A
  • All organisms consist of one or more cells
  • All cells come from the division of preexisting cells
  • All cells pass hereditary material to offspring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

constraints of cell size

A

surface are to volume ratio (SA:V)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the biological significance of SA:V -volume?

A

Volume determines demand for:
•Materials
•Energy
•Oxygen

Volume generates:
•Metabolic wastes
•Carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the biological significance of SA:V -area?

A
  • Exchange occurs across surfaces
  • Dependent upon surface area
  • Folding increases surface are
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What size are cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic cells range from 0.1 – 5.0μ m in diameter

* Eukaryotic cells range from 10 – 100μ m in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Structures in All Cells

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • DNA
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoskeleton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

the outermost membrane of a cell
•Physically separates a cells external environment from its internal one
•Regulates the crossing of substances into and out of cell
•Composed of phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins
•Other molecules can be embedded or attached including cholesterol (animals only), glycolipids, glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Cytoplasm – jelly-like cytosol with all suspended cell structures
  • Cytosol – jelly-like fluid part of cytoplasm
  • In eukaryotes, the cytoplasm is the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DNA

A
  • DNA – genetic information carrier for all cells
  • Located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
  • Located in the nucleoid of prokaryotic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ribosome

A
  • Ribosomes – small structures which synthesize proteins

* Composed of rRNA and protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

cell skeleton made of network of interlinking proteins in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

A
  • Nucleoid
  • Cell wall
  • Capsule
  • Pili
  • Flagella
  • Plasmid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nucleoid

A

location of most prokaryotic DNA, not enclosed by a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cell wall

A

rigid structure outside the plasma membrane, providesprotection, support, and prevents desiccation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Capsule

A

jelly -like outer coating on the outside of the cell, providesprotection and aids in attachment to surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pili

A

protein fiber that look like “hairs”, helps cell attach to surfaces and can help exchange genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Flagella

A

long, slender structure used for motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Plasmids

A

small circular rings of non-chromosomal DNA which canreplicate independently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

A
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Vesicles
  • Peroxisome
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
  • Cytoskeleton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Parts of the Nucleus

A
  • Nuclear envelope – double-membraned outer boundary of the nucleus containing nuclear pores that controls which substances can
  • Nucleoplasm – viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope
  • Nucleolus – dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled
  • Chromatin – loosely condensed DNA and histone proteins
23
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Free ribosomes – suspended in cytoplasm

* Bound ribosomes – attached to outside of rER or nuclear envelope

24
Q

Endomembrane System

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Vesicles
  • Lysosomes
  • Plasma membrane
25
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

continuous system of membranous sacs
•Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
•Space inside the cisternae is called the lumen or cisternal space

26
Q

Smooth ER functions:

A
  • Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
  • Breaks down carbohydrates and fatty acids
  • Detoxifies drugs and poisons
  • Stores calcium ions
27
Q

Rough ER functions

A
  • Ribosomes on the surface synthesize proteins
  • Packages products in vesicles
  • Makes membrane components (phospholipids & glycoproteins)
28
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

stack of flat membrane sacs called cisternae filled with enzymes which functions as the “post office” of the cell

29
Q

Golgi Apparatus functions

A
  • Modifies proteins from rER
  • Manufactures other macromolecules
  • Sorts and tags finished products
  • Packages the finished products into vesicles
  • Some of the vesicles deliver cargo to the plasma membrane, others become lysosomes, others are delivered elsewhere within the cell
30
Q

cis vs trans face

A

cisface – receiving end closest to ER

transface – shipping end, “transport” face

31
Q

Vesicles

A

small, membrane-enclosed sacs

32
Q

Vesicles functions

A
  • Transport substances

* Collect and dispose of wastes, debris, or toxins

33
Q

Types of Vesicles

A
  • Transport vesicles
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
34
Q

Transport Vesicles

A

carry molecules produced by the cell to their destination within the cell or to the plasma membrane

35
Q

Lysosomes

A

vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes in digestive compartments, made by rER and transferred to the Golgi apparatus

36
Q

Lysosomes functions

A
  • Hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
  • Phagocytosis – “cell eating”
  • Autophagy – “self eating
37
Q

Vacuoles

A

fluid filled membranous structure that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials, derived from ER and Golgi apparatus

38
Q

Types of Vacuoles

A
  • Food vacuoles – delivers or holds food before fusing with lysosome
  • Contractile vacuoles – found in many freshwater protists, pumps excess water out of cells
  • Central vacuoles – found in most plant cells, stores compounds and water, maintains fluid balance
39
Q

Peroxisome

A

small membranous structures that break down fatty acids and amino acids, can detoxify poisons
•Produce hydrogen peroxide which is broken down into oxygen and water

40
Q

Mitochondria

A

a double-membraned structure which produces ATP by aerobic respiration, “powerhouse” of the cell
•Contains its own DNA and ribosomes
•Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells (including plant cells)

41
Q

Mitochondria structures

A

•Cristae of mitochondria – folds in inner membrane •Matrix of mitochondria – fluid filled space inside inner membrane

42
Q

Plastids

A

•Plastids – double-membraned structures that function in photosynthesis, storage, or pigmentation in plant and algal cells

43
Q

Chloroplasts

A

specialized plastids for photosynthesis in some protists and plant cells
•Contains its own DNA and ribosome

44
Q

Chloroplasts structure

A
  • Thylakoids – interconnected membranous sacs inside inner membrane
  • Granum – each thylakoid stack
  • Stroma – fluid filled space enclosed by inner membrane that surrounds the grana
45
Q

Cell Wall

A

•Some eukaryotes have cell walls including plants, fungi, and some protists

46
Q

Cytoskeleton molecular motor

A

Movement of and along the cytoskeleton requires a protein that functions as a molecular motor
•These proteins “walk” along microtubules or microfilaments and functionto carry things along the cytoskeleton or to move the cytoskeleton itself

47
Q

Microfilaments (Actin filaments)

A
  • Narrowest of three protein fibers with a 7nm diameter
  • Made of two globular protein intertwined strands made of actin
  • Function in maintaining and changing cell shape and in muscle contraction
48
Q

Microvilli

A

extensions of the plasma membrane which enclose cytoplasm and microfilaments in some cells which increase SA:V for absorption or secretion

49
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A
  • Intermediate size with an 8-10nm diameter
  • Made of several strands of fibrous proteins wound together
  • Function in maintaining cell shape, anchoring cell structures, and providing a permanent framework for the rest of the cytoskeleton
50
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Thickest of three protein fibers with a 25nm diameter
  • Hollow tubes made of α- tubulin and β- tubulin
  • Function in maintaining cell shape, providing “track” for movement, and pulling chromosomes during cell division
  • Structural elements of centrioles, flagella, and cilia
51
Q

Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC)

A

•Structure from which microtubules emerge

Animal cells have two MTOC’s
•Basal bodies – organize flagella and cilia •Centrosome – organizes spindle fibers

52
Q

Microtubule Structures

A
  • Cilia – short, movable structures that project from the plasma membrane, function to move fluids over a cells surface
  • Flagella – long and slender, propel cells through a surrounding medium
  • Both have ring of 9 microtubule doublets surrounding single microtubule center doublet
53
Q

Endosymbiosis

A
  • Likely origin of eukaryotic cells was through endosymbiosis
  • Process where a prokaryotic cell was engulfed by another prokaryotic cell
  • Over time the engulfed cell became a dependent part of the host cell
  • Likely origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

BIOL 1406 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions