Exam 4: Chap 12 + 27 Flashcards
The SA node causes
atrial depolarization
What is the purpose of the pause at the AV node?
To allow the atria to finish contracting
Conduction pathway
SA node -> AV node -> bundle of His -> bundle branches -> perkinje fibers
When the ventricles contract, the atria are
relaxing
How long is a cardiac cycle
0.08s
Normal sinus rhythm
60-100 bpm
Sinus bradycardia
<60 bpm
Sinus tachycardia
> 100 bpm
RBC count in adult females
4-5.5 million
Components needed for red blood cell production
Iron, vitamin B12, folic acid
Iron deficiency anemia
Low Hb and Hct
Pernicious anemia
No vitamin B12
Thrombocytes aka
Platelets
Pulmonary semilunar valve separates the
Right ventricle and the lungs
Aortic semilunar valve separates the
Left ventricle and the aortic arch
What is the heart’s pacemaker?
SA node
Function of blood
Protects, regulates temperature, transports oxygen and nutrients, transports hormones
Non-specific immunity
Defense system you are born with; fights against all antigens
In between waves in the EKG are
segments: PR and ST
EKG intervals
Beginning of one wave and end of another
What indicates a history of myocardial infarction in an EKG?
Large Q waves and elevated ST wave
Leads and electrodes in an EKG
10 electrodes and 12 leads
Bipolar leads
aka limb leads
Leads I, II, III
Augmented leads
aVR, aVL, aVF
Chest leads
V1 - V6
Lead I
Right arm to left arm
Lead II
Right arm to left leg
Lead III
Left arm to left leg
aVR
Augmented lead through heart to right arm
aVL
Augmented lead through heart to left arm
aVF
Augmented lead through heart to left leg
V1
Fourth intercostal space at right margin of the sternum
V2
Fourth intercostal space at left margin of the sternum
V3
Midway between positions two and four
V4
Fifth intercostal space at junction of left midclavicular line
V5
At horizontal level of position four at left anterior axillary line
V6
At horizontal level of position 4 at midaxillary line
EKG pt prep
No lotions or oils, no tight fitting clothes or panty hose
Artifacts
Additional electrical activity picked up by the EKG
Causes of ar
Causes of muscle artifacts
Pt nervous, discomfort, movement, physical condition
Types of artifacts
Muscle, wandering baseline, 60-cycle interference, interupted baseline
Types of artifacts
Muscle, wandering baseline, 60-cycle interference, interrupted baseline
Muscle artifacts
Caused by
Wandering baseline artifacts
Caused by loose electrodes, dried out electrolyte, lotions, excessive movement of chest wall
60-cycle interference
aka AC artifacts
60-cycle interference
aka AC artifacts
caused by electrical interference
ECG report
summarized info abt the pt’s heart rate and rhythm and any abnormalities
Purpose of pulmonary function tests
assess lung functioning which assists in the detection and evaluation of pulmonary disease
Spirometer measures
how much air is pushed out and how fast
Indications for performing a spirometry
Pt w lung dysfunction, high risk for lung disease bc of smoking or environmental exposure, lung disease, undergo surgery, lung disability or impairment
Peak flow rate
max volume of air measured in L/min that can be exhaled when the pt blows into a peak flow meter as forcefully and as rapidly as possible
Hypoxemia
Decr in the O2 saturation in the blood
Hypoxia
Reduction in the O2 supply to the tissues in the body
Consequences of low O2
progressive deterioration, death of cells, organ failure, body system failure and death
Home oxygen therapy
commonly for pt w COPD from smoking
also for pt w asthma, lung disease, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, and congestive heart failure
Indications for performing a spirometry
Pt w lung dysfunction, high risk for lung disease bc of smoking or environmental exposure, lung disease, undergo surgery, lung disability or impairment
Home oxygen therapy
commonly for pt w COPD from smoking
also for pt w asthma, lung disease, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, and congestive heart failure
Spirometer measures
how much air is pushed out and how fast
Flow rate
Amount of supplemental oxygen prescribed for a pt
