Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Exam 4 - Cancer > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What does neoplasm mean?

A

Cancerous tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

Abnormal growth of tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do the edges of a cancerous tumor look like?

A

Uneven edges with finger like projections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do the edges of a benign tumor look like?

A

Well defined edges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Speed of growth

Benign vs malignant

A

Benign tumors grow slowly, malignant tumors grow rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Differentiation

Benign vs malignant tumors

A

Benign tumors are well differentiated with a low mitotic index. Look like the tissue from which it arose

Malignant tumors are anaplastic and have a high mitotic index. Poorly differentiated and do not look like the tissue from which it arose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Capsule

Benign vs malignant tumors

A

Benign have a well defined capsule

Malignant tumors are not encapsulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Invasiveness

Benign vs malignant tumors

A

Benign are not invasive

Malignant invade local structures and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Metastasize?

Benign vs malignant

A

Benign do not metastasize

Malignant spread distantly through blood stream and lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a lipoma?

A

Benign fatty tissue tumor under skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a glioma?

A

Benign tumor in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a leiomyoma?

A

Benign tumor in uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a chondroma?

A

Benign tumor of soft tissue or bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are benign tumors named?

A

From the tissues they arise

With the suffix “-oma”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are malignant tumors named?

A

According to tissues from which they arise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are malignant epithelial tumors referred to as?

A

Carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Type of glandular epithelial tumor

A

Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Malignant connective tissue tumors are called?

A

Sarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a rhabodmyosarcoma?

A

Malignant tumor of skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are lymphomas?

A

Cancers of lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are leukemias?

A

Cancer of blood forming cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of tumor is carcinoma in situ?

A

Squamous cell tumor that does not penetrate other structures. Stays small if caught in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stage one of cancer spread

A

Cancer confined to the organ of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stage 2 of cancer

A

Cancer is locally invasive (spread to tissue right around it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stage 3 of cancer

A

Cancer that has spread to regional structures such as lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stage 4 of cancer

A

Cancer that has spread to distant sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where does stage 4 liver cancer spread to?

A

Lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where does stage 4 prostate cancer spread to?

A

Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why is it important to know what stage of spread cancer is in?

A

Track the speed
Know how to treat
For cancer accreditation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the TNM system measure?

A 
T = Tumor
N = Lymph node
M = Metastases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the number with the T in TNM equal?

A

The number equals the size of the tumor and its local extent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Explain the different measurements of the T in TNM

A 
T0 = Breast free of tumor
T1 = Lesion <2 cm in size
T2 = Lesion 2-5 cm
T3 = Skin and/or chest wall involved by invasion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the number with the N in TNM equal?

A

Lymph node involvement. A higher number means more nodes are involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Explain the different measurements of the N in TNM

A 
N0 = No axillary nodes involved
N1 = Mobile nodes involved
N2 = Fixed nodes involved
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the M equal in TNM?

A

Extent of distant metastases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Explain the different measurements of the M in TNM

A 
M0 = No metastases
M1 = Metastases that can be seen
M2 = Suspected metastases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do cells look like when they are in dysplasia phase?

A

Do not follow logical pattern. Different sizes and shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does dysplasia mean?

A

Abnormal size and shape of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Another name for Cancer in situ?

A

CIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When cells are in situ neoplasm, what do they look like?

A

Very large irregular cells that have started to have finger like projections, but have not turned to cancer yet (may have a couple of cancer cells, but have not passed any barriers yet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do cells in an invasive neoplasm look like?

A

Rapid growth of disorganized cells that will spread

Has crossed barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Sequence of cellular and tissue changes progressing from normal cells to an invasive neoplasm:

A

Normal cells
Dysplasia
In situ neoplasm (CIS)
Invasive neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

During transformation of cancer cells, what does autonomy mean?

A

A cell that is independent from the normal cells around them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

During transformation of cancer cells, what does anaplasia mean?

A

Over time, the cells lose their differentiation and don’t have clear lines from other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

During transformation of cancer cells, what is pleomorphic?

A

A type of anaplasia

The cells’ size and shape has variation and they don’t look like each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is a major hallmark of a cancer cell?

A

Tumor markers

47
Q

What are tumor markers?

A

Substances produced by cancer cells

48
Q

Where are tumor markers found?

A

On plasma cell membranes, in the blood, CSF, or urine

49
Q

Types of tumor markers

A 
Hormones
Enzymes
Genes
Antigens
Antibodies
50
Q

What are tumor markers used for?

A
  • Where the cancer originated and how to go about treating it
  • Screen and identify individuals at high risk
  • Follow the clinical course of cancer
51
Q

What causes tumor markers?

A

Movement and uncontrollable growth of cells

52
Q

What is it important to remember when a tumor marker is found?

A

Nonmalignant tumors also produce tumor markers

So must go to area and do diagnostic testing to determine if tumor is cancerous

53
Q

What is cancer predominantly a disease of?

A

Aging

The older your cells are, the higher probably that they will proliferate

54
Q

*What is the first thing that happens when cancer develops

A

Cell proliferation or expansion (dysplasia)

55
Q

As a result of a mutation, what are cancer cells able to do?

A

They become autonomous and can act however they want to (this gives them an advantage over other cells)

56
Q

What do cancer cells act like that gives them an advantage over other cells?

A

Increased growth rate

Decreased apoptosis

57
Q

What occurs to take care of the new cancer cells that grow?

A

Angiogenesis

58
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Growth of new vessels around cancer cells to supply them

59
Q

What do advanced cancers secrete?

A

Angiogenic factors

60
Q

What do tumors release?

A

Chemotactic factors
Enzymes (tumor markers)
Tumor angiogenic factors

61
Q

What are the six hallmarks of cancer?

A 
Autonomous
Not sensitive to signals of normal cells
Do not die like normal cells
Grow as fast and as big as they want
Ability to feed themselves (b/c of vessel growth)
Metastasis
62
Q

What are predator viruses?

A

Viruses that come when you have a weakened immune system (because of cancer)

63
Q

Predator virus associated with HIV

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV)

64
Q

What is KSHV?

A

Cancer associated with pts who have long term, untreated HIV (predominantly in the lungs)

65
Q

Bacteria associated with bacterial cause of cancer

A

Helicobacter pylori

66
Q

Chronic infections helicobacter pylori is associated with

A

Peptic ulcer disease
Stomach carcinoma
Lymphomas

67
Q

How are these infections caused by helicobacter pylori caused?

A

Overgrowth of the helicobacter pylori, caused by the cancer

68
Q

What does local spread of tumor mean?

A

Direct invasion of contiguous organs (organs surrounding the tumor)

69
Q

How do tumors metastasize in distant organs?

A

Through lymphatics and blood

70
Q

How do tumors metastasize by way of implantation?

A

During surgery to remove tumor

Either borders were not clear upon removal, or cancer cells were dropped into different area during surgery

71
Q

What are the phases of tumor spread?

A

Transformation
Growth
Local invasion
Distant metastasis

72
Q

What is the transformation phase of tumor spread?

A

Cell growth that is so rapid, they grow to adjacent tissue, but not through the border

73
Q

What is the growth phase of tumor spread?

A

Rapid spread

74
Q

What is the local invasion phase of tumor spread?

A

Invades nearby organs and tissue

75
Q

What is the distant metastasis phase of tumor spread?

A

Cells jump into other organs that are not near by where the cancer originated

76
Q

Which phase of tumor spread is when most cancers are caught? And why?

A

Distant metastasis

Because it finally shows up in predominant organ

77
Q

*What is tumor spread dependent on?

A

Rate of growth
Degree of differentiation
Presence or absence of an atomic barriers
Various biologic factors

78
Q

What is the prerequisite for metastasis?

A

Local spread (invasion) - must come first

79
Q

First stage of the metastatic process?

A

Local spread (invasion)

80
Q

What are the mechanisms of local spread?

A

Cellular multiplication
Mitotic rate vs cellular death rate
Mechanical pressure
Release of lyric enzymes (when they do die)
Decreased cell-to-cell adhesion
Increased motility of individual tumor cells

81
Q

How are patterns of tumor spread staged?

A

Size of the tumor
Degree of local invasion
Extent of metastasis
Tumor staging by TNM system

82
Q

How do doctors determine the size of the tumor?

A
  • CT scan
    Ultrasound
    Biopsy
    Sometimes MRIs
83
Q

When tumor spread is documented, what 4 things should be documented?

A

Size of tumor
Is it in local region?
How much has it spread throughout body?
Tumor staging by TNM system

84
Q

Stages of metastasis of cancer from primary site to distant site

A 
Direct or continuous extension
Penetration into lymphatics, blood vessels, or body cavities
Transport into lymph or blood
Transport to secondary sites
Entry and growth in secondary sites
85
Q

Where does metastasis often occur first?

A

In the capillary bed encountered by circulating cells

86
Q

Major organs that distant metastases occur

A

Lungs
Brain
Liver
Bone

87
Q

Why doesn’t distant metastases occur in kidneys?

A

Because this is the last place waste is transported to, and it has already clung onto a different organ before it gets to that point

88
Q

If a patient has breast cancer and has cancer in their axillary lymph nodes, is that local or distant metastases?

A

Local but is called metastases to distant organs because it traveled through lymphatics or blood

89
Q

Steps of metastasis

A 
Primary tumor
Proliferation / angiogenesis
Detachment / invasion
Embolism / circulation
Transport
Arrest in organs (this is where it has spread to)
Adherence to vessel wall
Extravasating
Establishment of micro environment
Proliferation / angiogenesis in new site
Metastasis in new site
90
Q

Most common environmental risk factor of cancer

A

Tobacco

91
Q

What is another important environmental risk factor of cancer?

A

Obesity

92
Q

Cancer risk factors that are related to diet (biologic - endocrine)?

A

Hyperinsulinemia
Excessive weight
Increased triglyceride levels
Low physical activity

93
Q

Organs cancer associated with diet (biologic - endocrine) are correlated to

A

Colon
Breast
Pancreatic
Endometrial

94
Q

Where does cancer occur that is related to endogenous hormones?

A

Adipose tissue - releasing fatty acids

95
Q

Environmental risk factors of cancer

A 
Tobacco
Obesity
Alcohol consumption
Sexual behavior
Physical activity
Occupational hazards
Air pollution
96
Q

Clinical manifestations of cancer

A 
Pain
Fatigue
Anemia
Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
Infection
Cachexia
97
Q

Most frequently reported symptom of cancer

A

Fatigue

98
Q

What is pain with cancer influenced by?

A 
Fear
Anxiety
Sleep loss
Fatigue
Physical deterioration
99
Q

Why is anemia commonly associated with malignancy?

A

The tumors need to be fed with extra blood

100
Q

Causes of anemia

A

Chronic bleeding (iron deficiency)
Severe malnutrition
Medical therapies
Malignancy of blood-forming organs

101
Q

What is leukopenia and thrombocytopenia?

A

Direct tumor invasion of bone marrow

This symptom only occurs when bone marrow is involved

102
Q

What are the causes of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia?

A

Direct tumor invasion of bone marrow
Chemotherapeutic agents
Radiation therapy

103
Q

Most significant cause of complications and death with cancer and why?

A

Infection

Because immunity is so damaged

104
Q

What clinical manifestation comes along before first sign of cancer?

A

Paraneoplastic syndromes

105
Q

Most severe form of malnutrition (spelling)

A

Cachexia

106
Q

What is Cachexia?

A

Most severe form of malnutrition seen in later stages of cancer

107
Q

Clinical manifestations of Cachexia

A 
Anorexia
Early satiety (full after 1-2 bites)
Weight loss
Anemia
Athenia (numbness and tingling)
Poor performance
Taste alterations
Altered metabolic levels (protein, lipid, and extreme carb metabolism)
108
Q

What are the side effects of cancer treatment related to?

A

Depends what kind of treatment they’re having and where the cancer is

109
Q

Side effects of cancer treatment in GI tract

A

Results in decreased cell turnover

Oral ulcers, malabsorption, fowl smelling diarrhea - from radiation

110
Q

Side effects of cancer treatment in bone marrow

A

Suppression, pancytopenia

111
Q

Side effects of hair and skin during cancer treatment

A

Alopecia
Skin breakdown and dryness
(From radiation and chemotherapy)

112
Q

Side effects of cancer treatment in reproductive tract

A

Sterility
Decreased fertility
Premature menopause

113
Q

Side effect of cancer treatment in any area of the body

A

Very weak immunity

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions