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Pathophysiology > Exam 2 - Disorders Of Hormone Regulation > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Disorders Of Hormone Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Name the disorders of the posterior pituitary

A 
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
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2
Q

What is DI?

A

Hyposecretion of ADH by the posterior pituitary

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3
Q

Symptoms of DI?

A

Acute onset
Polyuria
Polydipsia

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4
Q

What are polyuria and polydipsia with DI a result of?

A

Excess fluid excretion by the kidneys due to a total inability to concentrate urine

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5
Q

Most common type of DI?

A

Central DI (neurogenic)

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6
Q

Causes of Central DI

A

Brain injury
Tumor
Complication of brain surgery
During pregnancy

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7
Q

Clinical manifestations of DI

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia

Dehydration (low blood volume)

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8
Q

What is SIADH caused by?

A

Hypersecretion of ADH by posterior pituitary

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9
Q

What determines the symptoms of SIADH?

A

The severity of onset (rapid vs gradual).

The more severe, the more symptoms

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10
Q

Causes of SIADH

A

Tumor in:

  • duodenum
  • stomach and pancreas
  • bladder
  • prostate
  • endometrium

Neurologic disorders:

  • encephalitis
  • meningitis
  • neurologic hemmorhage
  • neurosurgery
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11
Q

What does SIADH cause?

A

Water retention by the kidney

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12
Q

What does water retention by the kidney with SIADH cause?

A

Fluid volume excess at cellular level (outside of cell)
Leading to hemodilution (dilution of the blood)
And hyponatremia

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13
Q

Clinical manifestations of SIADH

A

Hyponatremia
Fluid volume excess

Weight gain (from fluid volume)
Dyspnea (from fluid volume)
Pulmonary edema (from fluid volume)
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14
Q

Why is the anterior pituitary so vulnerable to hyper or hypo function?

A

Is a very vascular gland

Extremely vulnerable to ischemia and infarction (clot causing decreased blood flow)

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15
Q

What is hypofunction of the anterior pituitary?

A

Called hypopituitarism:

The under production of one or more anterior pituitary hormone

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16
Q

Factors that can cause hypopituitarism

A 
Pituitary tumor
Surgery
Infarction
Radiation
STDs (syphilis)
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17
Q

What is hypopituitarism?

A

ACTH deficiency

TSH deficiency and GH deficiency

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18
Q

What is the most serious issue that hypopituitarism causes? Why?

A

ACTH deficiency

Leads to weakness, nausea, anorexia, fever, postural hypotension

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19
Q

Clinical manifestations of hypopituitarism (ACTH)

A

Being chronically unfit
Loss of appetite
Impairment of sexual function
Cold intolerance

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20
Q

What is hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary?

A

Called hyperpituitarism:

Excessive hormone production

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21
Q

What causes hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary?

A

Pituitary adenoma (tumor)

Formation is slow, occurrence is random, cause is unknown
Hypersecretion of hormones come from tumor itself

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22
Q

What other issues can a pituitary adenoma cause?

A

Impingement (squeezing) of optic nerve = poor vision, gradual blindness
Nerve symptoms: Occulomotor, trochlear, abducens, trigeminal

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23
Q

Clinical manifestations of hyperpituitarism

A

Depend on size, growth, and speed of tumor

Headache
Neck pain
Visual changes
Fatigue
Seizures
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24
Q

Where is growth hormone secreted?

A

Pituitary gland

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25
Q

Who does GH deficiency occur in?

A

Mostly children

But can occur in adults

26
Q

Who does GH hypersecretion occur in?

A

Adults 40-60 years old

27
Q

What is GH deficiency?

A

Hyposecretion of GH by the pituitary gland

28
Q

Why does GH deficiency occur?

A

Hypopituitarism or genetic related factors

29
Q

What does genetic factor deficiency of GH result in?

A

Failure of growth hormone secretion

Body doesn’t recognize when and how to secrete GH

30
Q

What does GH deficiency in children result in?

A

Interrupts growth

Causes variations in normal growth patterns (spurts)

31
Q

Clinical manifestations of GH deficiency in children

A 
Short stature
Fasting hypoglycemia (low blood sugar in morning before eating)
32
Q

When is GH deficiency a chronic condition?

A

When adults have it

33
Q

Clinical manifestations of GH deficiency in adults

A 
Decreased muscle and lean body mass
Increased body fat
Reduced sweating
Dry skin
Psychologic problems
34
Q

What psychologic problems can GH deficiency cause in adults?

A 
Depression
Social withdrawl
Fatigue
Loss of motivation
Decreased feeling of well-being
35
Q

What is acromegaly also called?

A

GH hypersecretion

36
Q

What is GH hypersecretion?

A

Inrease of GH secretion by the pituitary gland

37
Q

Why does acromegaly occur?

A

A GH secreting adenoma (tumor) in the pituitary gland

38
Q

Hormone related disease with increased rate of mortality?

A

GH Hypersecretion

39
Q

Why does GH hypersecretion have increased rates of mortality?

A

The condition is often present for years before diagnosed

Delay in detection allows systematic effects to take place that cause death

40
Q

What is death from Acromegaly often due to?

A 
Coronary artery disease
Hypertension
Stroke
Diabetes
Cancer
41
Q

Clinical manifestations of Acromegaly

A

Excessive skeletal growth (giantism)
Connective tissue proliferation

Hyperglycemia
Issues with protein and lipid metabolism

42
Q

What causes disorders in thyroid function to develop?

A

Dysfunction in:
thyroid gland
Pituitary
hypothalamus

43
Q

Primary conditions of disorders in thyroid function

A

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

44
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Excessive release of thyroid hormone inthe blood stream

45
Q

Common conditions that cause hyperthyroidism

A

Graves disease
Toxic goiter
Adenoma (tumor)
Thyroid carcinoma (cancer)

46
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Deficient production of thyroid hormone

47
Q

What is hypothyroidism often called?

A

Loss of thyroid function

48
Q

Most common causes of hypothyroidism

A

Thyroidectomy
Radiation in location of thyroid
Autoimmune disordrers
Iodine deficiency

49
Q

Significant clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism

A 
Enlarged thyroid gland
Weight loss
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia
Hair loss
Elevated upper eyelids
Excessive edema, flushing and warm skin
Palmar erythema
Heat intolerance
Increased cardiac output and tachycardia
Decreased peripheral vascular resistance
Restlessness, short attention span, insomnia
Dyspnea
50
Q

What are all symptoms of hyperthyroidism related to?

A

Hypermetabolic syndrome = metabolism is working overtime

51
Q

What is elevated upper eye lids called?

A

Thyroid eye disease

52
Q

Significant clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism

A

Lower metabolism & weight gain
Low energy
Lethargy and tiredness

53
Q

What are disorders of the adrenal cortex related to?

A

Hyperfunction and hypofunction of the gland

54
Q

What does hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex cause?

A

Increased secretion of cortisol (hypercortisolism) leading to Cushing disease

55
Q

What disease does hypofunction of the adrenal gland cause?

A

Addison disease

56
Q

Why does Cushing disease occur with hyperfunction of adrenal cortex?

A

Chronic exposure to excessive cortisol (SCTH or corticotropin)

57
Q

Side effect of long-term administration of glucocorticoids (steroids)

A

A Cushing-like syndrome develops

58
Q

Clinical manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome

A 
Weight gain
Truncal obesity
Moon face
Buffalo hump
Glucose intolerance (hyperglycemia)
Hypertension
Irritability
Depression
59
Q

Why does Addison disease occur?

A

Deficient levels of cortisol secretion and ADH

60
Q

Types of Addison disease

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

61
Q

Explain the symptoms of Addison disease

A

Before symptoms appear, more than 90% of adrenal tissue must be destroyed
Symptoms are vague and not well defined

62
Q

Clinical manifestations of Addison disease

A 
Weakness and fatigue
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting
Weight loss
Hypoglycemia
Mental confusion
Psychosis
Vitiligo
Severe hypotension

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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