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Pathophysiology > Exam 2 - Disorders Of Hormone Regulation > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Disorders Of Hormone Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Name the disorders of the posterior pituitary

A 
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
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2
Q

What is DI?

A

Hyposecretion of ADH by the posterior pituitary

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3
Q

Symptoms of DI?

A

Acute onset
Polyuria
Polydipsia

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4
Q

What are polyuria and polydipsia with DI a result of?

A

Excess fluid excretion by the kidneys due to a total inability to concentrate urine

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5
Q

Most common type of DI?

A

Central DI (neurogenic)

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6
Q

Causes of Central DI

A

Brain injury
Tumor
Complication of brain surgery
During pregnancy

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7
Q

Clinical manifestations of DI

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia

Dehydration (low blood volume)

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8
Q

What is SIADH caused by?

A

Hypersecretion of ADH by posterior pituitary

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9
Q

What determines the symptoms of SIADH?

A

The severity of onset (rapid vs gradual).

The more severe, the more symptoms

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10
Q

Causes of SIADH

A

Tumor in:

  • duodenum
  • stomach and pancreas
  • bladder
  • prostate
  • endometrium

Neurologic disorders:

  • encephalitis
  • meningitis
  • neurologic hemmorhage
  • neurosurgery
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11
Q

What does SIADH cause?

A

Water retention by the kidney

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12
Q

What does water retention by the kidney with SIADH cause?

A

Fluid volume excess at cellular level (outside of cell)
Leading to hemodilution (dilution of the blood)
And hyponatremia

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13
Q

Clinical manifestations of SIADH

A

Hyponatremia
Fluid volume excess

Weight gain (from fluid volume)
Dyspnea (from fluid volume)
Pulmonary edema (from fluid volume)
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14
Q

Why is the anterior pituitary so vulnerable to hyper or hypo function?

A

Is a very vascular gland

Extremely vulnerable to ischemia and infarction (clot causing decreased blood flow)

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15
Q

What is hypofunction of the anterior pituitary?

A

Called hypopituitarism:

The under production of one or more anterior pituitary hormone

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16
Q

Factors that can cause hypopituitarism

A 
Pituitary tumor
Surgery
Infarction
Radiation
STDs (syphilis)
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17
Q

What is hypopituitarism?

A

ACTH deficiency

TSH deficiency and GH deficiency

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18
Q

What is the most serious issue that hypopituitarism causes? Why?

A

ACTH deficiency

Leads to weakness, nausea, anorexia, fever, postural hypotension

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19
Q

Clinical manifestations of hypopituitarism (ACTH)

A

Being chronically unfit
Loss of appetite
Impairment of sexual function
Cold intolerance

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20
Q

What is hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary?

A

Called hyperpituitarism:

Excessive hormone production

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21
Q

What causes hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary?

A

Pituitary adenoma (tumor)

Formation is slow, occurrence is random, cause is unknown
Hypersecretion of hormones come from tumor itself

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22
Q

What other issues can a pituitary adenoma cause?

A

Impingement (squeezing) of optic nerve = poor vision, gradual blindness
Nerve symptoms: Occulomotor, trochlear, abducens, trigeminal

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23
Q

Clinical manifestations of hyperpituitarism

A

Depend on size, growth, and speed of tumor

Headache
Neck pain
Visual changes
Fatigue
Seizures
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24
Q

Where is growth hormone secreted?

A

Pituitary gland

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25
Who does GH deficiency occur in?
Mostly children | But can occur in adults
26
Who does GH hypersecretion occur in?
Adults 40-60 years old
27
What is GH deficiency?
Hyposecretion of GH by the pituitary gland
28
Why does GH deficiency occur?
Hypopituitarism or genetic related factors
29
What does genetic factor deficiency of GH result in?
Failure of growth hormone secretion | Body doesn’t recognize when and how to secrete GH
30
What does GH deficiency in children result in?
Interrupts growth | Causes variations in normal growth patterns (spurts)
31
Clinical manifestations of GH deficiency in children
``` Short stature Fasting hypoglycemia (low blood sugar in morning before eating) ```
32
When is GH deficiency a chronic condition?
When adults have it
33
Clinical manifestations of GH deficiency in adults
``` Decreased muscle and lean body mass Increased body fat Reduced sweating Dry skin Psychologic problems ```
34
What psychologic problems can GH deficiency cause in adults?
``` Depression Social withdrawl Fatigue Loss of motivation Decreased feeling of well-being ```
35
What is acromegaly also called?
GH hypersecretion
36
What is GH hypersecretion?
Inrease of GH secretion by the pituitary gland
37
Why does acromegaly occur?
A GH secreting adenoma (tumor) in the pituitary gland
38
Hormone related disease with increased rate of mortality?
GH Hypersecretion
39
Why does GH hypersecretion have increased rates of mortality?
The condition is often present for years before diagnosed | Delay in detection allows systematic effects to take place that cause death
40
What is death from Acromegaly often due to?
``` Coronary artery disease Hypertension Stroke Diabetes Cancer ```
41
Clinical manifestations of Acromegaly
Excessive skeletal growth (giantism) Connective tissue proliferation Hyperglycemia Issues with protein and lipid metabolism
42
What causes disorders in thyroid function to develop?
Dysfunction in: thyroid gland Pituitary hypothalamus
43
Primary conditions of disorders in thyroid function
Hypothyroidism | Hyperthyroidism
44
What is hyperthyroidism?
Excessive release of thyroid hormone inthe blood stream
45
Common conditions that cause hyperthyroidism
Graves disease Toxic goiter Adenoma (tumor) Thyroid carcinoma (cancer)
46
What is hypothyroidism?
Deficient production of thyroid hormone
47
What is hypothyroidism often called?
Loss of thyroid function
48
Most common causes of hypothyroidism
Thyroidectomy Radiation in location of thyroid Autoimmune disordrers Iodine deficiency
49
Significant clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism
``` Enlarged thyroid gland Weight loss Nausea, vomiting, anorexia Hair loss Elevated upper eyelids Excessive edema, flushing and warm skin Palmar erythema Heat intolerance Increased cardiac output and tachycardia Decreased peripheral vascular resistance Restlessness, short attention span, insomnia Dyspnea ```
50
What are all symptoms of hyperthyroidism related to?
Hypermetabolic syndrome = metabolism is working overtime
51
What is elevated upper eye lids called?
Thyroid eye disease
52
Significant clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism
Lower metabolism & weight gain Low energy Lethargy and tiredness
53
What are disorders of the adrenal cortex related to?
Hyperfunction and hypofunction of the gland
54
What does hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex cause?
Increased secretion of cortisol (hypercortisolism) leading to Cushing disease
55
What disease does hypofunction of the adrenal gland cause?
Addison disease
56
Why does Cushing disease occur with hyperfunction of adrenal cortex?
Chronic exposure to excessive cortisol (SCTH or corticotropin)
57
Side effect of long-term administration of glucocorticoids (steroids)
A Cushing-like syndrome develops
58
Clinical manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome
``` Weight gain Truncal obesity Moon face Buffalo hump Glucose intolerance (hyperglycemia) Hypertension Irritability Depression ```
59
Why does Addison disease occur?
Deficient levels of cortisol secretion and ADH
60
Types of Addison disease
Primary Secondary Tertiary
61
Explain the symptoms of Addison disease
Before symptoms appear, more than 90% of adrenal tissue must be destroyed Symptoms are vague and not well defined
62
Clinical manifestations of Addison disease
``` Weakness and fatigue Anorexia, nausea, vomiting Weight loss Hypoglycemia Mental confusion Psychosis Vitiligo Severe hypotension ```

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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