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Pathophysiology > Exam 3 - Alterations Of Hematologic Function Quick Study > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Alterations Of Hematologic Function Quick Study Flashcards

1
Q

What is anemia?

A

Low blood cell count or low hemoglobin quality

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2
Q

Causes of anemia

A

Blood loss
Impaired RBC production
Increased RBC destruction

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3
Q

2 categories of anemia

A

Megaloblastic

Microcytic-hypochromic

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4
Q

What is Megaloblastic anemia?

A

Cells are challenged to make DNA

Die prematurely

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5
Q

What is microcytic-hypochromic anemia?

A

Small RBCs with low hemoglobin

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6
Q

What does cytic refer to?

A

Cell size

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7
Q

What does chromic refer to?

A

Hemoglobin content

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8
Q

What does Anisocytosis mean?

A

Various sizes of RBCs

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9
Q

What does Poikilocytosis mean?

A

Various shapes of RBCs

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10
Q

Main manifestations of anemia

A

Decreased oxygen in RBC causes hypoxia

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11
Q

Body systems involved when trying to compensate for anemia

A

Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Hematologic

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12
Q

Pernicious anemia is what type of anemia?

A

Megaloblastic

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13
Q

What is PA?

A

B12 deficiency

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14
Q

Patho of PA

A

B12 is needed to synthesize intrinsic factor

Intrinsic factor is needed by gastric cells.

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15
Q

Risk factors for PA

A

Excessive alcohol or hot tea

Smoking

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16
Q

Clinical manifestations of PA

A

(Develops over 20 years)

  • weakness
  • fatigue
  • loss of appetite
  • abdominal pain
  • weight loss
  • sore tongue / glossitis
  • hepatomegaly
  • splenomegaly
  • paresthesias of feet/fingers
  • trouble walking
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17
Q

How much folate is needed daily?

A

50-200 mcg

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18
Q

Patho of folate deficiency

A

Folate needed for thymine.

Thymine needed for rapidly dividing cells

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19
Q

Risk factors for Folate deficiency anemia

A

Alcoholism

Malnourished

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20
Q

Clinical manifestations of folate deficiency anemia

A 
Severe cheilosis
Stomatitis
Burning mouth syndrome
Dysphagia
Flatulence
Diarrhea
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21
Q

What type of anemia is IDA?

A

Hypochromic-microcytic

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22
Q

Daily requirement of iron

A

7-10 mg men

7-20 mg women

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23
Q

Risk factors for IDA

A 
Babies (cows milk)
Toddlers
Adolescent girls
Teenagers (junk food)
Child bearing women
Older adults (restricted diet)
Poverty
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24
Q

Caused of IDA

A

Dietary deficiency
Impaired absorption
Increased demand
Chronic blood loss

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25
Q

Early symptoms of IDA

A

Fatigue
Weakness
SOB
Pale earlobes, palms, conjunctivae

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26
Q

Progressive symptoms of IDA

A

Brittle, ridged spoon nails
Burning mouth syndrome
Dysphagia

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27
Q

What type of anemia is posthemorrhagic anemia?

A

Normocytic-normochromic

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28
Q

Typical cause of posthemorrhagic anemia

A

Trauma

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29
Q

Clinical manifestations of blood loss

A 
Decreased BP
Decreased cardiac output
Decreased central venous pressure
Increased heart rate
Dyspnea
Decreased SpO2
Fatigue
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30
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

Premature accelerated destruction of RBCs

Increase of RBC production, increased hemoglobin break down

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31
Q

Where in body does hemolytic anemia occur?

A

Intravascular or extravascular

Phagocytes (lymphoid tissue)
Macrophages (spleen, liver, bone marrow)

32
Q

Causes of hemolytic anemia

A

Can be congenital or autoimmune disorder

  • mechanical injury
  • compliment fixation
  • intracellular parasites
  • toxins
33
Q

Clinical manifestations of hemolytic anemia

A

Normal anemia symptoms

Jaundice

34
Q

What is anemia of chronic disease?

A

Decreased RBC production and impaired iron utilization in people with chronic systemic disease of inflammation

35
Q

Clinical manifestations of ACD:

A

Mild to moderate anemia symptoms

36
Q

Two types of RBC disorders

A
  • over production of RBCs

- deficiency of RBCs

37
Q

What does polycythemia mean?

A

Over production of RBCs

38
Q

Two types of polycythemia

A

Relative

Absolute

39
Q

What is relative polycythemia?

A

Concentrated blood from dehydration

40
Q

Types of absolute polycythemia

A

Primary

Secondary

41
Q

What is secondary absolute polycythemia?

A

Increased erythropoietin in response to chronic hypoxia

42
Q

What type of anemia is polycythemia Vera?

A

Chronic myeloproliferative

43
Q

What is PV?

A

Chronic
Neoplastic
Nonmalignant
Overproduction of RBCs with increased WBC, increased platelets, and splenomegaly

44
Q

Clinical manifestations of polycythemia Vera

A 
Splenomegaly
Abdominal pain
Venous/arterial thrombosis
Vessel occlusion
Engorged retinal and cerebral veins
Ruddy face, hands, feet and ears
Headache
Drowsiness
Delirium
Mania
Depression
Visual disturbances
Increased BP
Painful itching, worse with water or heat
45
Q

What is leukocytosis

A

Increased leukocytes

46
Q

Causes of leukocytosis

A 
Infection
Strenuous exercise
Emotional changes
Temperature changes
Drugs
Hormones
Toxins
47
Q

What is leukopenia

A

Decreased leukocytes

48
Q

Causes of leukopenia

A 
Radiation
Anaphalytic shock
Autoimmune disease
Chemotherapy
Glucocorticoids (steroids)
49
Q

What is neutropenia? (Amount?)

A

Decreased neutrophils

<2,000/uL

50
Q

Causes of neutropenia

A

Severe prolonged infection

Chemotherapy

51
Q

Why is neutropenia scary?

A

Leaves pt at risk for infection and is life threatening

52
Q

Nursing considerations for neutropenia

A 
Limit visitors
Keep door closed
Wash hands often
Avoid anyone with illness
Use reusable equipment and leave in room
Promote oral care
Prevent skin breakdown
Promote nutrition
53
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Malignant disorder of blood

Excessive accumulation of leukemic cells

54
Q

Types of leukemia

A

Acute

Chronic

55
Q

What is acute leukemia

A

Presence of undifferentiated or immature cells, usually blast cells

56
Q

Types of acute leukemia

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

57
Q

What is chronic leukemia?

A

Predominant cell is mature but does not function normally.

Advances slowly without warning

58
Q

Types of chronic leukemia

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

59
Q

Risk factors for leukemia

A 
Family history
Environmental factors (cig smoke, benzene, radiation)
60
Q

Clinical manifestations of acute leukemia

A 
Bone marrow depression
Anemia (fatigue)
Thrombocytopenia (bleeding purpura)
Petechiae
Ecchymosis
Thrombosis
Hemorrhage
DIC
Infection
Weight loss
Bone pain
Elevated uric acid
Liver, spleen, lymph node enlargement
61
Q

Clinical manifestations of chronic leukemia

A 
Bone marrow depression
Splenomegaly
Extreme fatigue
Weight loss
Night sweats
Low-grade fever
62
Q

What is a lymphadenopathy?

A

Enlarged, palpable, tender lymph nodes

63
Q

What is local lymphadenopathy a result of?

A

Drainage of inflammatory lesion located near enlarged node

64
Q

What is general lymphadenopathy a result of?

A

Presence of malignant or nonmalignant disease

65
Q

What is thrombocytopenia

A

Disorders of platelets

Platelet found <150,000/mm^3

66
Q

Causes of thrombocytopenia

A

Hypersplenism
Autoimmune disease
Hypothermia
Viral or bacterial infections that cause DIC

67
Q

What is DIC?

A

Disseminated intravascular disease

68
Q

Clinical manifestations of thrombocytopenia

A

Petechiae and purpura

Progressing to major hemorrhage

69
Q

What is vitamin K needed for?

A

To regulate / synthesize prothrombin and prothrombin factors (II, VII, XI, X)

70
Q

Causes of vitamin K deficiency

A

Lack of intake

Excessive urination

71
Q

Clinical manifestations of vitamin K deficiency

A 
Easy bruising
Oozing of blood from any orifice
Excessive bleeding from wounds
Bleeding from GI tract
Urine in blood / stool
72
Q

Lab counts for hemoglobin

A

Male: 4.35-5.65 trillion cells / L
Female: 3.92 - 5.13 trillion cells / L

73
Q

Lab counts for hematocrit:

A

Male: 13.2 - 16.2 grams / dL
Female: 11.6-15 grams / dL

74
Q

Lab counts for platelets

A

Male: 135-317 billion/L
Female: 157-371 billion / L

75
Q

Lab count for WBCs

A

<11,000/mm^3

76
Q

Lab count for iron

A

60-70 mcg/dL

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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