Exam 4 C/T Spine Flashcards
what are the only vertebrae with bifid tips?
C3-C6
which vertebrae has the vertebral prominence?
C7
what view do you use to see the intervertebral foramen on c-spine?
oblique
what view do you use to see the zygapophyseal joints on c-spine?
lateral
where does the spinal cord begin and end?
begins at C2 and ends at L1 or L2
how many cervical nerves are there?
8 pair
how many thoracic nerves are there?
12 pair
how many lumbar nerves are there?
5 pair
how many sacral nerves are there?
5 pair
how many coccygeal nerves are there?
1 pair
how many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
what are the 2 AP views for c-spine?
AP Axial (15-20 deg cephalic)
Odontoid
what view is it when the mandibular shadow is blurred by even chewing motion during exposure? (wagging jaw method)
pt’s head must be rigidly immobilized
exposure time must be long
CR perpendicular to C4
AP Projection Ottonello Method
what is the SID for AP c-spine?
40 in
what is the SID for lateral c-spine and why?
72 in to account for OID
how much rotation for AP Axial OBL on c-spine?
45 degrees
which intervertebral foramina are you looking at on a AP Axial OBL of the c-spine?
the ones farthest from the cassette
CR orientation for AP Axial OBL of c-spine?
15 deg cephalic enters at C4
what is the alternative method to odontoid to see the dens?
Fuchs
what view do you use to see the lateral masses of the c-spine?
with pt supine, hyperextend the neck
AP Axial Vertebral Arch (Pillars or Lateral Masses)
CR orientation for AP Axial Vertebral Arch (Pillars or Lateral Masses)?
20-30 degrees caudal entering at C7
CR should coincide with plane of articular facets
how to take Ap Axial OBL “trauma obliques”?
pt supine cannot move
CR 45 deg medial and 20 deg cephalic entering at C4
cassette centered under adjacent mastoid process
what is is the name of fractures in the neural arch and facets?
involves the pars interarticularis of C2
severe hyperextension fracture
hangman’s fracture
inflammation of the spinal cord (disrupts the CNS functions linking brain and limbs)
symptoms: moderate fever with pain along the spine that also radiates into the extremities
myelitis
injury to the c-spine or supporting ligaments
muscles marked by pain and stiffness
in this type of hyperextension injury, C2 may have fractures of the neural arch and facets, and the anterior longitudinal ligament may rupture resulting in avulsion fracture of the anteroinferior margin
most of these injuries are the result of a collision that includes sudden acceleration or decelerations
whiplash
which vertebrae have longer transverse processes and why?
thoracic vertebrae, for rib attachment
how many costal facets do thoracic vertebrae have?
3
what vertebrae has full facet on top?
only T1
CR orientation for AP t-spine?
CR perpendicular entering at T7 (3-4in below jugular notch
how to avoid burning out the top of the t-spine?
turn cathode towards bottom of the t-spine
CR orientation for standing and laying down lateral t-spine?
standing: perpendicular entering at T7
laying down: 10-15 deg cephalic entering at T7
pt position for OBL t-spine
body rotated 70 deg for AP, body rotated 20 deg for PA
which zygapophyseal joints are you looking at in AP OBL of t-spine?
farthest
which zygapophyseal joints are you looking at in PA OBL of t-spine?
closest
examination of individual intervertebral disks
performed with small quantities of H2O soluble contrast injected into the center of the disk by way of double-needle entry
demonstrates internal disk lesions (rupture of nucleus pulposus) no demonstrated on myelogram
diskography
a bone break that disrupts osseous tissue and collapses the affected bone
compression fracture
what is the most common cause of compression fractures?
pt with osteoporosis
2nd most common brain tumor and accounts for approx 20% of all brain tumors
slow growing benign brain neoplasm originating in the arachnoid tissues
meningioma
a nerve sheath tumor that infiltrates the nerve and splays apart the individual nerve fibers
usually benign, but can sometimes degenerate into cancer
neurofibroma
type of spina bifida in which the spinal cord develops normally but the meninges protrude from a spinal opening, congenital herniation
meningocele
traumatic separation of a segment of bone from the edge of the vertebral ring apophysis at the site of annular attachment
limbus fracture
