Exam 4: Antiprotozoals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with sulfonamides?

A

Type A:
Crystalluria
Prone to drug interactions due to high protein binding
For sulfaquinoxaline, a hemorrhagic syndrome has been reported due to inhibition of intestinal vitamin K production

Type B:
KCS
Polyarthropathy
Hepatotoxicity
Cutaneous drug eruptions
Hypothyroidism
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2
Q

What are the adverse effects with lincosamides?

A

Neuromuscular blockade has been reported, but seems to be of minimal clinical significance
Most adverse reactions relate to GI tract
—In man, related to pseudomembranous colitis due to suppression of endogenous flora allowing overgrowth of Clostridium difficle
—GI problems have been reported following:
——Oral used of lincosamides in ruminants
——Any lincosamide use in horses, rabbits, hamsters, and guinea pigs

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3
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with tetracyclines?

A

Potential teratogen in 1st trimester
Staining of teeth from in utero exposure of exposure prior to eruption of adult teeth
Hepatotoxicity in pregnant animals
Photosensitivity (demeclocycline)
GI floral disruption
Nephrotoxic in high doses
Expired tetracyclines can be nephrotoxic
Sudden collapse following rapid IV administration
Tissue necrosis and pain at IM, SQ, injection site
Tablets (doxycycline) cause esophageal ulcers in cats

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4
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine?

A

Teratogenic
Mild anemia common
Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia have been reported

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5
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with clioquinol?

A

Unknown if any side effects in horses
In humans, causes subacute myelo-opticoneuropathy
Topical admin in dogs has caused toxicity

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6
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with imidocarb diproprionate?

A

Cholinergic side effects without atropine pretreatment

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7
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with furazolidone?

A

Mono-amine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI); use cautiously with drugs metabolized by this enzyme
Mutagenic and procarcinogenic= banned in food animals extra-labelly

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8
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with clindamycin?

A

Neuromuscular blockade

GI upset, colitis

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9
Q

What are the toxicities/side effects associated with amprolium?

A

CNS signs from thiamine deficiency (rare)

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10
Q

What are the toxicities/side effects associated with ionophores?

A

Severe muscle damage, especially cardiac muscle

Myoglobinuria

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11
Q

What are the toxicities/side effects associated with ronidazole?

A

CNS signs

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12
Q

What are the toxicities/side effects associated with metronidazole?

A
Neurological distrubances
Anorexia; vomiting
BM suppression
Reddish brown urine
May interfere with olfaction in explosive detecting dogs
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13
Q

What are the toxicities/side effects associated with fenbendazole and albendazole?

A

Bone marrow suppression

Teratogen

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14
Q

What are the toxicities/side effects associated with paronamycin?

A

Treatment of cats with cryptosporidiosis using oral paronamycin resulted in severe nephrotoxicity

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15
Q

What are the 4 drugs commonly used to treat coccidiosis in puppies?

A

Ponazuril (preferred)
Amprolium
Sulfonamides
Decoquinate

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16
Q

What drug class predominate in both cattle and poultry operations as the main coccidiostat in use today?

A

Ionophores

17
Q

What drug has largely replaced metronidazole in the treatment of giardiasis in dogs and cats?

A

Fenbendazole

18
Q

Paronamycin is seldom used anymore due to the risk of nephrotoxicity. Though its efficacy in animals is unclear, what other drugs are sometimes used to treat cryptosporidiosis? What is the only drug approved to treat cryptosporidiosis in humans?

A

Animals: azithromycin, nitazoxanide
Humans: nitazoxanide

19
Q

Decoquinate is approved for the management of coccidiosis. Name 2 other conditions it is used in as an extra-label antiprotozoal?

A

Equine protozoal myelitis (EPM) and canine hepatozoonosis

20
Q

What are the 2 treatments for toxoplasmosis?

A

Clindamycin

Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine

21
Q

What is the treatment of choice for Balantidium coli in swine?

A

Tetracycline

22
Q

Ronidazole is an unapproved drug compounded to treat what condition in cats?

A

Trichomonad diarrhea

23
Q

Atovaquone with azithromycin is used extra-labelly to treat what 2 protozoan diseases?

A

Babesiosis

Feline cytauxzoon

24
Q

For which drug that we use to treat Babesia canis do we usually first treat with atropine because of its cholinergic side-effects?

A

Imidiocarb diproprionate

25
Q

What are the 3 drugs or drug combinations commonly employed as treatments for EPM?

A

Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine solution
Ponazuril
Diclazuril

26
Q

For which drug used to treat EPM is a loading dose commonly used?

A

Ponazuril

27
Q

What dietary changes are often recommended when dosing pyrimethamine-sulfa versus ponazuril?

A

Pyrimethamine and sulfadizine: food or supplemental dietary folic acid decreases bioavailability- fasting is important
Ponazuril: feeding corn immediately before administering increase bioavailability by 25%

28
Q

What are the 3 drugs used in combination to treat acute canine hepatozoonosis?

A

Clindamyin, potentiated sulfonamide, and pyrimethamine

29
Q

What drug is often given as a life-long medication to keep hepatozoonosis in remission?

A

Decoquinate

30
Q

Allopurinol is sometimes used to treat what protozoan disease in dogs?

A

Leishmaniasis