Exam 4: Antiprotozoals Flashcards
What are the adverse effects associated with sulfonamides?
Type A:
Crystalluria
Prone to drug interactions due to high protein binding
For sulfaquinoxaline, a hemorrhagic syndrome has been reported due to inhibition of intestinal vitamin K production
Type B: KCS Polyarthropathy Hepatotoxicity Cutaneous drug eruptions Hypothyroidism
What are the adverse effects with lincosamides?
Neuromuscular blockade has been reported, but seems to be of minimal clinical significance
Most adverse reactions relate to GI tract
—In man, related to pseudomembranous colitis due to suppression of endogenous flora allowing overgrowth of Clostridium difficle
—GI problems have been reported following:
——Oral used of lincosamides in ruminants
——Any lincosamide use in horses, rabbits, hamsters, and guinea pigs
What are the adverse effects associated with tetracyclines?
Potential teratogen in 1st trimester
Staining of teeth from in utero exposure of exposure prior to eruption of adult teeth
Hepatotoxicity in pregnant animals
Photosensitivity (demeclocycline)
GI floral disruption
Nephrotoxic in high doses
Expired tetracyclines can be nephrotoxic
Sudden collapse following rapid IV administration
Tissue necrosis and pain at IM, SQ, injection site
Tablets (doxycycline) cause esophageal ulcers in cats
What are the adverse effects associated with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine?
Teratogenic
Mild anemia common
Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia have been reported
What are the adverse effects associated with clioquinol?
Unknown if any side effects in horses
In humans, causes subacute myelo-opticoneuropathy
Topical admin in dogs has caused toxicity
What are the adverse effects associated with imidocarb diproprionate?
Cholinergic side effects without atropine pretreatment
What are the adverse effects associated with furazolidone?
Mono-amine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI); use cautiously with drugs metabolized by this enzyme
Mutagenic and procarcinogenic= banned in food animals extra-labelly
What are the adverse effects associated with clindamycin?
Neuromuscular blockade
GI upset, colitis
What are the toxicities/side effects associated with amprolium?
CNS signs from thiamine deficiency (rare)
What are the toxicities/side effects associated with ionophores?
Severe muscle damage, especially cardiac muscle
Myoglobinuria
What are the toxicities/side effects associated with ronidazole?
CNS signs
What are the toxicities/side effects associated with metronidazole?
Neurological distrubances Anorexia; vomiting BM suppression Reddish brown urine May interfere with olfaction in explosive detecting dogs
What are the toxicities/side effects associated with fenbendazole and albendazole?
Bone marrow suppression
Teratogen
What are the toxicities/side effects associated with paronamycin?
Treatment of cats with cryptosporidiosis using oral paronamycin resulted in severe nephrotoxicity
What are the 4 drugs commonly used to treat coccidiosis in puppies?
Ponazuril (preferred)
Amprolium
Sulfonamides
Decoquinate
What drug class predominate in both cattle and poultry operations as the main coccidiostat in use today?
Ionophores
What drug has largely replaced metronidazole in the treatment of giardiasis in dogs and cats?
Fenbendazole
Paronamycin is seldom used anymore due to the risk of nephrotoxicity. Though its efficacy in animals is unclear, what other drugs are sometimes used to treat cryptosporidiosis? What is the only drug approved to treat cryptosporidiosis in humans?
Animals: azithromycin, nitazoxanide
Humans: nitazoxanide
Decoquinate is approved for the management of coccidiosis. Name 2 other conditions it is used in as an extra-label antiprotozoal?
Equine protozoal myelitis (EPM) and canine hepatozoonosis
What are the 2 treatments for toxoplasmosis?
Clindamycin
Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine
What is the treatment of choice for Balantidium coli in swine?
Tetracycline
Ronidazole is an unapproved drug compounded to treat what condition in cats?
Trichomonad diarrhea
Atovaquone with azithromycin is used extra-labelly to treat what 2 protozoan diseases?
Babesiosis
Feline cytauxzoon
For which drug that we use to treat Babesia canis do we usually first treat with atropine because of its cholinergic side-effects?
Imidiocarb diproprionate
What are the 3 drugs or drug combinations commonly employed as treatments for EPM?
Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine solution
Ponazuril
Diclazuril
For which drug used to treat EPM is a loading dose commonly used?
Ponazuril
What dietary changes are often recommended when dosing pyrimethamine-sulfa versus ponazuril?
Pyrimethamine and sulfadizine: food or supplemental dietary folic acid decreases bioavailability- fasting is important
Ponazuril: feeding corn immediately before administering increase bioavailability by 25%
What are the 3 drugs used in combination to treat acute canine hepatozoonosis?
Clindamyin, potentiated sulfonamide, and pyrimethamine
What drug is often given as a life-long medication to keep hepatozoonosis in remission?
Decoquinate
Allopurinol is sometimes used to treat what protozoan disease in dogs?
Leishmaniasis
