Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug?

A

A substance used in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention, or mitigation of disease

  • –Endogenous: found in the body
  • –Xenobiotic: not found in the body, most drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

A science dealing with the properties of drugs and their effects on living systems. The properties and reactions of drugs with relation to their therapeutic value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is pharmacy?

A

A separate and complementary health-care profession concerned with collection, preparation, standardization, and dispensing of drugs. The art or practice of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is clinical pharmacology?

A

The branch of pharmacology that deals directly with the effectiveness and safety of drugs in the clinical setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is dose?

A

The amount of drug given at one time

Most often done with weight (10 mg/kg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is dosage?

A

The amount of drug given (dose), the route of administration, the interval between doses, and the duration of therapy (5 mg/kg orally every 12 hours for 5 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is potency?

A

A relative measurement of biological activity. The amount of drug needed to achieve a specified biological effect
Seldom of medical significance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is efficacy?

A

Effectiveness. The ability of a drug to control or cure an illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are excipients and binders?

A

Inert substances added to a formulation in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are vehicles?

A

A carrier of inert medium used as a solvent in which the medicinally active agent is formulated and/or administered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is ADME?

A

The disposition of a drug as described by its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are pharmacokinetics?

A

A mathematical description of drug disposition in the body

Relates drug dose to plasma concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are pharmacodynamics?

A

Relates drug concentration to effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Responsiveness decreases with continued drug administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is tachyphylaxis?

A

Rapid development of tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the trade name of a drug versus the official name of a drug

A

Trade name: proprietary, proper noun, capitalized

Official name: nonproprietary, “generic” name. not capitalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a type A adverse reaction?

A

Type A is an adverse event that can be anticipated based on the known mechanism of the drug. Usually dose dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a type B adverse reaction?

A

Type B is an adverse event that is idiosyncratic, unpredictable, and often nondose dependent

19
Q

What is therapeutic index?

A

LD50/ED50

20
Q

What is extra-label drug use?

A

The use of a drug in a species, route, dosage, or indication other than indicated on the label, such as use is only allowed by veterinarians and only according to guidelines of the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act

21
Q

What is a clinical trial?

A

A study to establish the safety and efficacy of a drug compared to a placebo or an established treatment

22
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A substance or treatment with no active therapeutic effect given to deceive the recipient into thinking that it is an active treatment

23
Q

What is a placebo effect?

A

A beneficial health outcome resulting from a person’s anticipation that an intervention will help them

24
Q

What is a solution?

A

The homogenous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid liquid or gaseous substance with a liquid

25
Q

What is a suspension?

A

Colloids with a liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase
Water insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions

26
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous
Lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion
Water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams

27
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A substance binding to a receptor that induces a physiologic action

28
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A substance binding to a receptor that blocks the action of an agonist

29
Q

What is a competitive antagonist?

A

Do not permanently bind to a receptor. There is a constant release and reattachment

30
Q

What is a noncompetitive antagonist?

A

a. Permanently binds to the receptor and a new receptor must be created. Rare

31
Q

Describe dose-response curve

A

Plotted at log dose
Lower doses do not have any effect
A minimum number of receptors must be occupied before you see a physiologic effect
Once reached, a proportional increase in effect relative to dose occurs

32
Q

What is a peak concentration?

A

The highest drug concentration in a dosing interval

33
Q

What is a trough concentration?

A

The lowest drug concentration in a dosing interval

Always occurs immediately before the next dose

34
Q

What is LD50?

A

The dose where it is lethal for 50% of animals

35
Q

What is ED50?

A

The dose where it is effective for 50% of animals

36
Q

What is LD1?

A

The dose that is lethal for 1% of animals

37
Q

What is certain safety factor?

A

LD1/ED99

38
Q

What is minimum effective concentration?

A

Lowest observed effect level

39
Q

What is the lowest observed (adverse) effect level (LOEL/LOAEL)?

A

Lowest concentration that produces a desired effect

40
Q

What is the maximum nontoxic dose or maximum nontoxic concentration?

A

The highest dose that does not produce toxicity

41
Q

What is the No Observed (Adverse) Effect Level (NOEL/NOAEL)?

A

Highest dose that does not produce toxicity

42
Q

What is a physiologic antagonist?

A

When drugs are antagonistic because of opposing effects at different receptors
Both are agonists

43
Q

What is a partial agonist?

A

Partial μ effect, pure agonist blocked

44
Q

What is an agonist/antagonist?

A

Full κ effect, pure agonist blocked

Pharmacology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions