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Pharmacology > Exam 2: Antimicrobial Families > Flashcards

Exam 2: Antimicrobial Families Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 families of beta-lactams?

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporin
Carbapenem
Monobactam

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2
Q

What are the subcategories of Pencillin?

A

Narrow spectrum
Broad spectrum
Extended spectrum
Potentiated

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3
Q

What drugs are classified as narrow spectrum penicillins?

A

Penicillin G

Penicillinase-resistance penicillins

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4
Q

What drugs are classified as broad spectrum penicillins?

A

Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Hetacillin

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5
Q

What drugs are classified as extended spectrum penicillins?

A

Piperaciliin

Ticarcillin

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6
Q

What drugs are classified as potentiated penicillins?

A

Clavamox (oral amoxicillin and clavulanic acid)
Unasyn (injectable ampicillin and sulbactam)
Timentin (injectable ticarcillin and clavulanic acid)
Zosyn (injectable piperacillin and tazobactam)

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7
Q

What are the subcategories of cephalosporin?

A

First generation
Second generation
Thrid generation

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8
Q

What drugs are classified as first generation cephalosporins?

A

Cephalothin
Cephalexin
Cefazolin (only injectable 1st generation)
Cephapirin

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9
Q

What drugs are classified as second generation cephalosporins?

A

Cefoxitin

Cefotetan

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10
Q

What drugs are classified as third generation cephalosporins?

A

Cefotaxime
Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidome

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11
Q

What drugs are classified as carbapenems?

A

Imipenem

Meropenam

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12
Q

What drug is classified as a monobactam?

A

Azotreonam

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13
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with Penicillin G?

A

Remarkably nontoxic
Do not use in Guinea pigs, hamsters, or rabbits
Primary adverse reactions are allergic

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14
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with Broad spectrum penicillins?

A

Large doses of ampicillin can cause diarrhea in horses
Disrupts flora if given orally to ruminants
Trihydrate form is too irritating for use in horses, causes sterile abscesses

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15
Q

What are the toxicities associated with Penicillin G?

A

Remarkably nontoxic in itself

Some toxicity is associated with accompanying salt or ester

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16
Q

What are the toxicities associated with beta-lactams?

A

Beta-lactams are chemically incompatible with aminoglycoside antibiotics and should not be combined in vitro

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17
Q

What is the public health concern associated with third generation cephalosporins?

A

3rd generation cephalosporins resistance due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamases

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18
Q

Are beta-lactams bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Beta-lactams are bactericidal, though if treated in an environment isotonic to their cytoplasm, only a static action occurs

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19
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of penicillin?

A

Time-dependent killing

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20
Q

What is the beta-lactam mechanism of action?

A

Work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBP)- the cross-linkage of the peptidoglycan cell wall cannot occur

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21
Q

How is penicillin G eliminated?

A

Renal filtration and secretion

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22
Q

How are ampicillin and amoxicillin eliminated?

A

Renal filtration and secretion

23
Q

Which drugs have an intracellular, all tissue including CNS, distribution pattern? Which cross the BBB?

A

3rd generation injectable cephalosporin

3rd generation cephalosporins and carbapenems

24
Q

Which drugs have an extracellular distribution pattern?

A

Majority of beta-lactams:
Penicillins primarily have extracellular distribution, but they can cross the BBB
Ampicillin and amoxicillin

25
Q

Which antibiotic loses its activity in purulent debris?

A

Beta-lactams

26
Q

Which drugs have a high probability of clinical success against staph?

A 
Clavamox (most common)
Timentin
Cephalexin (most common)
Cefazolin
Cefoxitin 
Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime 
Ceftiofur
Cefpodoxime
Cefovecin
Meropenem
27
Q

Which drugs have a high probability of clinical success against strep?

A 
Penicillin G
Ampicillin and amoxicillin 
Ticarcillin and piperacillin 
Clavamox
Timentin
Cephalexin
Cefazolin
Cefoxitin
Ceftriaxone 
Ceftazidime 
Ceftiofur
Cefpodoxime
Cefovecin
Meropenem
28
Q

Which drugs have a high probability of clinical success against E. coli?

A 
Ticarcillin and piperacillin  
Timentin
Cefazolin
Cefoxitin 
Ceftriaxone 
Ceftazidime 
Ceftiofur
Cefpodoxime
Meropenem
29
Q

Which drugs have a high probability of clinical success against Pasteurella?

A 
Ampicillin and amoxicillin for small animals
Ticarcillin and piperacillin 
Clavamox
Timentin
Cephalexin
Cefazolin
Cefoxitin 
Ceftriaxone 
Ceftazidime 
Ceftiofur
Cefpodoxime
Cefovecin
Meropenem
30
Q

Which drugs have a high probability of clinical success against obligate anaerobes?

A 
Penicillin G
Ampicillin and amoxicillin
Ticarcillin and piperacillin 
Clavamox
Timentin
Cefoxitin 
Meropenem
31
Q

Which drugs have a high probability of clinical success against Bacteroides fragilis?

A

Clavamox
Timentin
Cefoxitin
Meropenem

32
Q

Which drugs have activity against Chlamydia?

A

Ampicillin and amoxicillin

Clavamox for cats

33
Q

Which drugs have activity against Leptospira?

A

Penicillin G will put the animals in remission, but it will not remove the carrier state
Ampicillin and amoxicillin do the same as Penicillin G
Ticarcillin and piperacillin same as Penicillin G
Clavamox is the same as Penicillin G
Timentin is the same as Pen-G

34
Q

Which drugs have activity against Pseudomonas?

A 
Ticarcillin and piperacillin 
Timentin 
Ceftazidime 
Clavamox in cats
Meropenem
35
Q

Which drugs have activity against Lyme?

A

Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime
Cefovecin

36
Q

When either MRSA or MRSI is cultured, what does this imply regarding its susceptibility to all betalactams?

A

MRSA and MRSI are resistant to the entire beta-lactam family

37
Q

How does cefazolin differ from other first-generation cephalosporins?

A

It is the only injectable and has better activity against E. coli

38
Q

Which cephalosporins have reliable activity against obligate anaerobic gram-negative bacteria, include B. fragilis?

A

Cefoxitin and cefotetan

39
Q

Which beta-lactams are inactivated by penicllinase?

A

Penicillin G

40
Q

Which beta-lactams are inactivated by extended spectrum beta lactamase?

A

Third generation cephalosporins

41
Q

Which beta-lactams are inactivated by carbapenemases?

A

Fourth generation cephalosporins

42
Q

What are the obtained Cmax values and duration of therapeutic concentrations of crystalline penicillin G?

A

Rapid high concentrations

Short duration of plasma concentrations

43
Q

What are the obtained Cmax values and duration of therapeutic concentrations of procaine penicillin G?

A

Lower concentrations, but prolonged duration compared to crystalline pen-G

44
Q

What are the obtained Cmax values and duration of therapeutic concentrations of benzathene penicillin G?

A

Extremely low concentrations with prolonged duration

45
Q

Qualitatively compare ampicillin sodium versus ampicillin trihydrate injections relative to obtained Cmax values and duration of therapeutic concentrations.

A

Sodium ampicillin has rapid absorption with rapid elimination, so typically given every 8 hours
Ampicillin trihydrate injections resemble procaine penicillin and it has lower concentrations used with longer absorption.

46
Q

Which cephalosporin family is considered the drug of choice in treating gram-negative meningitis?

A

Third generation cephalosporins

47
Q

What other beta-lactams cross the BBB sufficiently to treat a meningitis (without relying on inflammation to breakdown the BBB)?

A

Carbapenems penetrates BBB and inflammation enhances this penetration

48
Q

Why are ampicillin trihydrate and amoxicillin trihydrate not recommended for use in horses?

A

Only the sodium form should be used in horses
The trihydrate form given to a horse can give them a sterile abscess
In general, horses do not handle IM injections well

49
Q

What cephalosporin is effective against Pseudomonas?

A

Ceftazidime

50
Q

Contrast the three ceftiofur formulations available as tradenames Naxcel, Excenel, and Excede.

A

Naxcel: cetiofur sodium
Excenel: cetiofur HCl
Excede: cetiofur crystalline free acid

51
Q

Which antimicrobial is approved for parenteral use in dairy cattle that has no milk withdrawal and a short slaughter withdrawal?

A

Ceftiofur in all injectable forms

52
Q

What beta-lactam family has the widest spectrum activity and the least likelihood of resistance?

A

Carbapenems

53
Q

Describe the combination of an aminoglycoside with a beta-lactam

A

Can be synergistic relative to antimicrobial activity, yet a chemically incompatible when mixed in vitro

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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