Exam 2: Extra-Label Drug Use and Compounding Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes a valid veterinarian-patient-client relationship?

A

Vet has assumed responsibility for the care of the animal and the owner has agreed to follow his guidance
The vet is knowledgeable enough of the situation to at least make a preliminary diagnosis
The vet has personally seen the animal recently or has made regular visits to herds to be knowledgeable of the situation
The vet is available for follow-up of adverse reactions or assessment of treatment failure

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2
Q

What drugs are banned from ELDU?

A
Pesticides
Medicated feed
Chloramphenicol
Clenbuterol
Diethylstilbestrol
Dimetridazole, ipronidazole, or other nitoimidazoles (metronidazole)
Nitrofurans
Sulfonamide drugs in lactating dairy cattle
Phenylbutazone in lactating dairy cattle
Fluorquinolones
Cephalosporin
Glycopeptides
Adamantane and Neuraminidase inhibitor influenza drugs
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3
Q

Why are pesticides banned from ELDU?

A

They are not governed by the FDA

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4
Q

Why is medicated feed banned from ELDU?

A

Concerns with antimicrobial resistance, so must follow the label that is preestablished by FDA

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5
Q

Why is chloramphenicol banned from ELDU?

A

Causes aplastic anemia in humans

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6
Q

Why is clenbuterol banned from ELDU?

A

If cattle are treated with this, it has long term residue in liver
People were hospitalized after eating cow liver due to clenbuterol toxicity

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7
Q

Why is diethylstilbestrol (DES) banned from ELDU?

A

Carcinogenic in humans

Woman who took DES while pregnant had daughter that were prone to ovarian and uterine cancer

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8
Q

Why are Dimetridazole, ipronidazole, or other nitroimidazoles banned from ELDU?

A

Carcinogenic to humans

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9
Q

Why are nitrofurans banned from ELDU?

A

Carcinogenic to humans

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10
Q

What are sulfonamide drugs in lactating dairy cattle banned from ELDU?

A

Can cause thyroid hyperplasia in humans

Potential carcinogen

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11
Q

Why is phenylbutazone in lactating dairy cattle banned from ELDU?

A

Causes aplastic anemia in humans

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12
Q

Why are fluoroquinolones banned from ELDU?

A

Used in human septicemic salmonella infections
Baytril use in cattle had started the approval process before the human salmonella infection crisis, so it is till used in cattle but it must be used by the label (no ELDU)

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13
Q

Why is cephalosporin banned from ELDU?

A

Used in children so it can’t be used in food animals ELDU

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14
Q

Why are glycopeptides banned from ELDU?

A

This is a drug of last resort for MRSA

Due to its importance in human health, it cant be used in food animal so that resistance does not occur

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15
Q

Why are adamantane and neuraminidase inhibitor influenza drugs banned from ELDU?

A

We do not want to use anti-virals in food animals because there is concern of viruses maturing to become infective to humans

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16
Q

What are the labeling requirements for ELDU?

A
  1. The name and address of vet and pharmacy (if applicable)
  2. The established name(s) of the ingredients and their strengths
  3. Directions for use, including:
    a. The class/species/identification of the animal or herd
    b. The dosage, frequency, and route of the animal or herd being treated
    c. The duration of therapy
  4. Precautions if applicable
  5. Withdrawal times
17
Q

What are the record requirements for ELDU?

A
  1. Animal identification either individually or by herd
  2. The name(s) of the drug and active ingredients(s)
  3. The condition treated
  4. The species of the treated animals
  5. The dosage administered
  6. The duration of treatment
  7. The number of animals treated
  8. The specified withdrawal or discard times
18
Q

What reasons are valid to allow for ELDU and which ones are not: pain, suffering, production, and performance enhancement?

A

ELDU cannot be used to enhance production and performance

ELDU can be used if the animal will have pain or will suffer if not treated

19
Q

What is FARAD and what is its role relative to AMDUCA?

A

Food animal residue avoidance and depletion program

Establishes an appropriate withdrawal period based on scientific evidence

20
Q

Describe the antemortem screening tests for detection of antimicrobial residues using milk or urine.

A

Live Animal Swab Test (LAST), Pre-Harvest Antibiotic Screening Test (PHAST), and Calf antibiotic and sulfonamide test (CAST) are all urine tests used to screen for antibiotics
Delvo-P and Charm Cowside are milk tests that can be used to screen for antibiotics.

21
Q

When is cost allowed as a reason for ELDU?

A

In small animals, a veterinarian can use a human drug extra label, even when animal drug exists if economic reasons are valid.

22
Q

Identify the hierarchy of ELDU choices relative to: veterinary approved drugs versus human drugs versus compounded drugs.

A

If a veterinary approved drug is available, it must be used. If not, a human drug must be used before a compounded drug option.

23
Q

Identify the conditions compounding is allowed

A

When no formulation exists to meet the demands of the patient, a pharmacist is allowed to create a new formulation from an existing approved drug.
Compounded drugs have not undergone premarket FDA review of safety, effectiveness, or manufacturing quality, making them a concern.

24
Q

What is the FDA’s view on compounding in anticipation of needs?

A

No patient yet
Basis of they will need it eventually
This is technically not allowed as you need a patient to distribute it

25
Q

What is the FDA’s view on knock-offs?

A

Not legal to sell

26
Q

What is the FDA’s view on large scale compounding?

A

Approved drug is turned into a new formulation in a different strength, form, etc.
Abuse put this category under the radar of the FDA

27
Q

What are methods whereby animals may be identified to make sure they do not enter the human food chain until after the proper withdrawal time has passed?

A

If no scientific evidence exists on which to base a withdrawal time, the animal must not enter the human food chain. Readily retrievable records must be kept for 2 years or as mandated by state law, whichever is greater.

28
Q

Identify who assume the liability associated with ELDU and compounded products

A

Pharmacists assumes liability for the quality of the product
The vet assumes the liability for safety and efficacy
The degree of liability will vary depending on whether the use is “generally accepted practice”

29
Q

What are the 10 condition for ELDU according to AMDUC guidelines?

A
  1. There is no approved animal drug that contains the same active ingredient in the required dosage form and concentration is labeled for such use OR all approved animal drugs are clinically ineffective for its intended use
  2. The use must occur within the context of a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship
  3. Prior to prescribing or dispensing animal of human drug for an extra-label use in food, the vet must:
    i. Make a diagnosis that warrants the extra-label use
    ii. The diagnosis and treatment are within limits of accepted medical practice
    iii. Make sure animals are identified to prevent accidental entry into the food chain
    iv. Make sure other measures are in place to adhere to recommended withdrawal times
    v. Establish an appropriate withdrawal period base on scientific evidence
  4. Labeling must accompany the extra-label product
  5. If no scientific evidence exists on which to base a withdrawal time, the animal must not enter the food chain
  6. A human drug can only be used if there is no approved veterinary drug that could be used instead, even if an extra-label manner
  7. The use must not be banned. Medicated feed, whether OTC or VFD, cannot be used extra-labely
  8. The drug must not be banned by the FDA
  9. Extra-label use to enhance production is prohibited
  10. Readily retrievable records must be kept for 2 years or as mandated by state law, whichever is greater
30
Q

Explain the roles USDA versus the FDA play in the detection of drug residues in meat and the enforcement when a violation has occurred.

A

Meat is regulated by the USDA (FSIS). If any drug use results in a residue in a food animal, the FDA has regulatory authority to intervene
US National Residue program performs continuous baseline monitoring and targeted sampling
Public Health vets also perform routine inspector generated sampling

31
Q

What agency(ies) typically monitor and enforce drug residue violations for milk?

A

Milk is monitored by the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance and the State Department of Health.

32
Q

What is the disposition of a food animal that receives a drug for which adequate withdrawal information cannot be found?

A

That animal cannot be used for human consumption

33
Q

What does the term “enforcement discretion” mean relative to the “COMPLIANCE POLICY GUIDE (CPG) FOR EXTRA-LABEL USE OF MEDICATED FEEDS FOR MINOR SPECIES”?

A

This guide directs FDA field personnel to make the use of medicated feeds for minor species a low enforcement priority under the stated conditions