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Microbiology SDSU > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of disease in the population

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2
Q

What was one of the first signs of epidemiology?

A

Seen in the 1800s in the Crimean War. Florence Nightingale (nurse) advocated for the wounded soldiers by recording her data

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3
Q

What is the US’s primary center for control of disease/epidemiology?

A

The CDC

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4
Q

What is prevalence of disease?

A

It refers to the total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population. Population will be defined (city, state, country, world)

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5
Q

What is incidence of disease?

A

It measures the number of new cases over a certain time period. It is a range

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6
Q

What is the problem when dealing with accuracy in measurements?

A

It may not always be accurate because the statistics come from reported cases.

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7
Q

What are carriers?

A

People who are infected but show no signs of disease. and can still pass on to others.

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8
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

A sudden increase of cases of a specific disease. This comes from a common source and passes on from host to host

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9
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

The idea that as the number of cases increases, so does immunity because after exposure, there is memory to the agent

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10
Q

What is an endemic?

A

A disease that is commonly found within a particular region

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11
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

An epidemic that spread over multiple countries/continents.

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12
Q

What is a point-source epidemic?

A

One where the infectious agent comes from a single source.

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13
Q

What is a common source epidemic?

A

A common-source outbreak is one in which a group of persons are all exposed to an infectious agent or a toxin from the same source.

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14
Q

What type of term?

22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among residents of a particular neighborhood (usually 0 or 1 per year)

A

Epidemic

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15
Q

What term?
Average annual incidence was 364 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis per 100,000 population in one area, compared with national average of 134 cases per 100,000 population

A

Endemic

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16
Q

What term?

Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918–1919

A

Epidemic

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17
Q

What term?

Single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a community

A

Sporadic

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18
Q

What term?

About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this region per week, slightly less than the national average

A

Endemic

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19
Q

What is a propagated epidemic?

A

An epidemic that has a communicable agent. In other words rapidly spreading from person to person.

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20
Q

What is the index case?

A

The first patient identified that “initiated” the outbreak

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21
Q

What is endemic?

A

An infectious disease that is commonly found in a particular region

22
Q

What is a sporadic disease?

A

Where we see outbreaks at irregular intervals, random locations

23
Q

What are the 3 main issues in epidemiology?

A

Emerging diseases, reemerging diseases and bioterrorism

24
Q

What is EID?

A

An emerging infectious diseases is a newly identified microbe (EX: corona virus

25
Q

What is a reemerging disease?

A

those that we thought we got rid of, or gained control of, but in fact, we didn’t

26
Q

What is one of the first signs of bioterrorism?

A

Seen with the Assyrians who posioned the wells of their enemies

27
Q

What is the Geneva Protocol?

A

A law that prohibits the use of biological microorganisms as weapons in war.

28
Q

What are the 3 defense categories?

A 
Category A (high)
Category B (medium) 
Category C (low)
29
Q

What implications come with Category A agents?

A
  • high priority agents
  • easy for them to spread
  • high mortality rates
  • cause panic and social disruption
  • require public health intervention
30
Q

-What implications come with Category B agents?

A
  • medium prority agents
  • somewhat easy for them to spread
  • moderate morbidity/mortality rates
31
Q

What implications come with Category C agents?

A
  • Low priority agents
  • could be engineered for easier spread
  • readily available
  • easier to produce
  • potentially high morbidity/mortality rates
32
Q

What is the difference between infection and disease?

A

Infection: microorganism penetrated host defenses and is multiplying
Disease: causes deviation from normal body functions/health

33
Q

What is a pathologic state?

A

a state, caused by disease, in which you are unable to function normally and without pain. (organs/tissues may be damaged)

34
Q

What are the 3 categories of flora?

A

Norma (resident), transient, opportunistic

35
Q

What is normal flora?

A

These are the microbes that coexist with us and are living in us

36
Q

What is transient flora?

A

Those that may be occasionally present but are not always there (not part of our lifespan)

37
Q

What is opportunistic flora?

A

Microbes that are not normal and may be pathogenic.

38
Q

How does opportunistic flora become pathogenic?

A

If it moves to an area of the body that they are not normally in.

39
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

The time from initial contact with infectious agents, until the individual begins to show symptoms

40
Q

What type of incubation period will asymptomatic patients have?

A

Their incubation period will be much longer(latent) because they will not show symptoms even if they were already infected

41
Q

What is the prodomal stage?

A

The period of time where the earliest symptoms of infection appear.

(barely beginning to feel like you will get sick)

42
Q

What is the period of invasion?

A

Peak and the infectious agents multiply (we feel the most sick here)

43
Q

What is the covalascent period?

A

When our immune system begins to fight off the cause of infection.

44
Q

What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?

A

Sign: can be observed and measured
Symptom: can only be felt by patient

45
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

Since there are a few differences between our cells and bacterial cells, we can selectively kill bacterial cells by targeting features they have and we dont

46
Q

What is the main challenge of antiviral medications?

A

Since viruses have far less components and structures, there is not much we can target

47
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

The use of chemical compounds to treat a condition (not only linked to cancer)

48
Q

Are antimicrobials static or cidal?

A

Cidal, they have to completely kill everything

49
Q

What are the 3 main questions we should ask ourselves before beginning antibiotic treatment?

A

What is the organism causing the infection?
To what degree is the organism sensitive to the drug we will prescribe?
What is the overall medical condition of this patient

50
Q

What are the 5 main bacterial features that chemotherapy should potentially target?

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, DNA/RNA, Folic acid synthesis, protein synthesis

51
Q

Which is the best feature to target in a bacterial cell? Why?

A

Cell wall because we dont have this

52
Q

What are the 3 main drugs that can affect bacterial cell wall?

A

Bacitracin, Vancomycin, and penicillin

Microbiology SDSU (5 decks)

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