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Microbiology SDSU > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of disease in the population

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2
Q

What was one of the first signs of epidemiology?

A

Seen in the 1800s in the Crimean War. Florence Nightingale (nurse) advocated for the wounded soldiers by recording her data

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3
Q

What is the US’s primary center for control of disease/epidemiology?

A

The CDC

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4
Q

What is prevalence of disease?

A

It refers to the total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population. Population will be defined (city, state, country, world)

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5
Q

What is incidence of disease?

A

It measures the number of new cases over a certain time period. It is a range

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6
Q

What is the problem when dealing with accuracy in measurements?

A

It may not always be accurate because the statistics come from reported cases.

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7
Q

What are carriers?

A

People who are infected but show no signs of disease. and can still pass on to others.

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8
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

A sudden increase of cases of a specific disease. This comes from a common source and passes on from host to host

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9
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

The idea that as the number of cases increases, so does immunity because after exposure, there is memory to the agent

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10
Q

What is an endemic?

A

A disease that is commonly found within a particular region

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11
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

An epidemic that spread over multiple countries/continents.

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12
Q

What is a point-source epidemic?

A

One where the infectious agent comes from a single source.

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13
Q

What is a common source epidemic?

A

A common-source outbreak is one in which a group of persons are all exposed to an infectious agent or a toxin from the same source.

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14
Q

What type of term?

22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among residents of a particular neighborhood (usually 0 or 1 per year)

A

Epidemic

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15
Q

What term?
Average annual incidence was 364 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis per 100,000 population in one area, compared with national average of 134 cases per 100,000 population

A

Endemic

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16
Q

What term?

Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918–1919

A

Epidemic

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17
Q

What term?

Single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a community

A

Sporadic

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18
Q

What term?

About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this region per week, slightly less than the national average

A

Endemic

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19
Q

What is a propagated epidemic?

A

An epidemic that has a communicable agent. In other words rapidly spreading from person to person.

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20
Q

What is the index case?

A

The first patient identified that “initiated” the outbreak

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21
Q

What is endemic?

A

An infectious disease that is commonly found in a particular region

22
Q

What is a sporadic disease?

A

Where we see outbreaks at irregular intervals, random locations

23
Q

What are the 3 main issues in epidemiology?

A

Emerging diseases, reemerging diseases and bioterrorism

24
Q

What is EID?

A

An emerging infectious diseases is a newly identified microbe (EX: corona virus

25
What is a reemerging disease?
those that we thought we got rid of, or gained control of, but in fact, we didn’t
26
What is one of the first signs of bioterrorism?
Seen with the Assyrians who posioned the wells of their enemies
27
What is the Geneva Protocol?
A law that prohibits the use of biological microorganisms as weapons in war.
28
What are the 3 defense categories?
``` Category A (high) Category B (medium) Category C (low) ```
29
What implications come with Category A agents?
- high priority agents - easy for them to spread - high mortality rates - cause panic and social disruption - require public health intervention
30
-What implications come with Category B agents?
- medium prority agents - somewhat easy for them to spread - moderate morbidity/mortality rates
31
What implications come with Category C agents?
- Low priority agents - could be engineered for easier spread - readily available - easier to produce - potentially high morbidity/mortality rates
32
What is the difference between infection and disease?
Infection: microorganism penetrated host defenses and is multiplying Disease: causes deviation from normal body functions/health
33
What is a pathologic state?
a state, caused by disease, in which you are unable to function normally and without pain. (organs/tissues may be damaged)
34
What are the 3 categories of flora?
Norma (resident), transient, opportunistic
35
What is normal flora?
These are the microbes that coexist with us and are living in us
36
What is transient flora?
Those that may be occasionally present but are not always there (not part of our lifespan)
37
What is opportunistic flora?
Microbes that are not normal and may be pathogenic.
38
How does opportunistic flora become pathogenic?
If it moves to an area of the body that they are not normally in.
39
What is the incubation period?
The time from initial contact with infectious agents, until the individual begins to show symptoms
40
What type of incubation period will asymptomatic patients have?
Their incubation period will be much longer(latent) because they will not show symptoms even if they were already infected
41
What is the prodomal stage?
The period of time where the earliest symptoms of infection appear. (barely beginning to feel like you will get sick)
42
What is the period of invasion?
Peak and the infectious agents multiply (we feel the most sick here)
43
What is the covalascent period?
When our immune system begins to fight off the cause of infection.
44
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
Sign: can be observed and measured Symptom: can only be felt by patient
45
What is selective toxicity?
Since there are a few differences between our cells and bacterial cells, we can selectively kill bacterial cells by targeting features they have and we dont
46
What is the main challenge of antiviral medications?
Since viruses have far less components and structures, there is not much we can target
47
What is chemotherapy?
The use of chemical compounds to treat a condition (not only linked to cancer)
48
Are antimicrobials static or cidal?
Cidal, they have to completely kill everything
49
What are the 3 main questions we should ask ourselves before beginning antibiotic treatment?
What is the organism causing the infection? To what degree is the organism sensitive to the drug we will prescribe? What is the overall medical condition of this patient
50
What are the 5 main bacterial features that chemotherapy should potentially target?
Cell wall, cell membrane, DNA/RNA, Folic acid synthesis, protein synthesis
51
Which is the best feature to target in a bacterial cell? Why?
Cell wall because we dont have this
52
What are the 3 main drugs that can affect bacterial cell wall?
Bacitracin, Vancomycin, and penicillin

Microbiology SDSU (5 decks)

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