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Microbiology SDSU > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 basic elements that humans absolutely need?

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur

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2
Q

What do our cells mainly make energy from?

A

Glucose, but there are various other ways our cells can make energy from

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3
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

the first step in making energy and this is when glucose is broken down. the carbons from it are transported to the mitochondria

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4
Q

What is the krebs cycle?

A

it is the second step in making energy and the carbons (from step 1) are modified and this cycle is meant to harvest electrons from the carbon bonds

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5
Q

what is the electron transport chain?

A

this is the final step in making energy and it is a series of reactions that work together to produce alot of ATP

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6
Q

Does the energy making process occur in bacteria?

A

Yes but since they do not have mitochondria (membrane-bound organelle), this process takes place in the cell membrane

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7
Q

How do we produce energy?

A

Either by breaking down glucose (glycolysis, krebs and e. transport) or by fermentation

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8
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

When energy is released and the products have less energy than we began with
(substance is broken down, no energy required)

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9
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

When energy is absorbed and the products have more energy than they began with
(substance is put together, energy is absorbed)

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10
Q

If aerobic respiration occurs, what energy can be produced?

A

This process requires oxygen and it utilizes the process of glycolysis, krebs and electron transport

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11
Q

How many ATP can be produced from aerobic respiration?

A

36-38 ATP/glucose

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12
Q

If anaerobic respiration is present, what is the energy process?

A

This process cannot use oxygen so we will have glycolysis, krebs and the cell will use another element for its final electron acceptor
(can produce 3-34 ATP/glucose)

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13
Q

What types of respiration occurs if an organism uses fermentation to obtain energy?

A

In this case, the organism may or may not tolerate oxygen

can produce a maximum of 2 ATP

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14
Q

How does bacterial mutualism relate to energy?

A

Bacterial mutualism is a relationship in which every organism benefits from and in this case, organisms can benefit in their energy making process

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15
Q

What is an example of bacterial mutualism?

A

Bacillus polymyxa and Proteus Vulgaris

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16
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

Since nitrogen is a tightly held compound, it can only be fixed (converted) into a usable form. Making it accessible to plants

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17
Q

What is predation?

A

Bacteria an predate each other for various different reasons

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18
Q

What is an example of predation?

A

E.coli and Bdellvibrio

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19
Q

What factors affect bacterial growth?

A

Temperature, gases, pH, osmotic pressure, radiation, hydrostatic pressure, presence/absence of other microbes

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20
Q

When looking at graphs, what is an optimum?

A

The peak AKA the very best environment for a bacteria (this can depend on temp, pH, etc)

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21
Q

When looking at graphs, what is cardinal?

A

A range in which bacteria can remain alive

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22
Q

what is a capnophile?

A

An organism that prefers a high carbon dioxide concentration

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23
Q

What are the three categories of bacteria with oxygen?

A
  1. Bacteria that use and detoxify oxygen
  2. Bacteria that cannot use or detoxify it
  3. Bacteria that do not use it but can detoxify it
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24
Q

What are the 2 harmful substances that are formed by oxygen? How are they removed?

A

Superoxide anion and H2O2 (both are toxic). Superoxide dismutase and catalase are 2 enzymes that can break these material down

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25
Q

How does Superoxide dismutase work?

A

It takes the superoxide anion and converts it to either oxygen or H2O2. If it is converted to H2O2, it is passed onto catalase.

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26
Q

How does catalase work?

A

It will break down H2O2 into oxygen gas and water,

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27
Q

What are carotenoids and manganese?

A

They are pigment moleucles that can grab onto excited oxygen electrons in order to neutralize them

28
Q

What does an obligate aerobe look like in a tube?

A

Growth at the top (need oxygen0

29
Q

What does an obligate anaerobe look like in a tube?

A

growth at the bottom (oxygen is toxic)

30
Q

What does a facultative anaerobe look like in a tube?

A

growth throughout the tube but concentrated at the top (oxygen is not required but they can use it)

31
Q

What does a microaerophile look like in a tube?

A

growth right below the surface (prefer lower amounts of oxygen)

32
Q

what does an aerotolerant look like in a tube?

A

equal amounts of growth throughout the entire tube (whether or not O2 is present, does not affect growth)

33
Q

Which type of microorganisms need SOD and catalase?

A

obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobe, aerotolerant

microaerophiles may need some

34
Q

What makes an organism acidic?

A

Hydrogen ions

35
Q

What makes an organism basic?

A

Hydroxide ions

36
Q

What is an acidophile?

A

An organism that grow in acidic conditions (pH below 7)

37
Q

What is a neutrophile?

A

An organism that grow in neutral conditions (pH about 7)

38
Q

What is an alkaliphile?

A

An organism that grows in basic conditions (pH above 7)

39
Q

What is a halophile?

A

organisms that grow in salty environments

40
Q

What happens if a DNA genome is exposed to UV light?

A

It can cause inappropriate bonds between 2 T’s (nitrogenous base) aka thymine dimer

41
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure created by a lot of water sitting on top of an organism (mainly seen with deep sea microbes)

42
Q

What is a barophile?

A

an organism that needs a high-pressure environment in order to grow.

43
Q

How do human cells replicate?

A

Through the process of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

44
Q

How do bacterial cells replicate? What is the name of this process?

A
  • They will copy their DNA (2 chromosomes)
  • A wall, (septum) will form and the DNA moves to opposite poles of the cell
  • the septum will eventually split and form 2 separate chromosomes
    This process is called doubling/generational time
45
Q

How long does it take bacteria to replicate?

A

20 minutes

46
Q

Which scale do we use to measure bacteria?

A

Log scale

47
Q

What are the 4 standard phases for bacterial growth?

A
  1. Lag
  2. Log
  3. Stationary
  4. Decline/Death
48
Q

What is the lag phase?

A

Bacteria are first introduced to a new environment and the birth rate is barely greater than death rate (no visible change, flat line)

49
Q

What is the log phase?

A

Bacteria begin to rapidly divide (birth rate is much more greater than death rate)

50
Q

What is the stationary phase?

A

Bacteria has reached it optimum and the birth rate = the death rate

51
Q

What is the death phase?

A

Birth rate is less than death rate, bacteria begin to die off

52
Q

What does the prefix static mean?

A

reduces the numbers of the organism (not completely)

53
Q

What does the prefix cidal mean?

A

completely kill off all types of bacteria

54
Q

What is sterilization?

A

The complete removal/destruction of all viable microorganisms, used on inanimate objects

55
Q

What is disinfection?

A

The destruction of vegetative cells, used on inanimate objects

56
Q

What is antisepsis?

A

It inhibits and destroys vegetative pathogens in our body, used on animate objects

57
Q

What is decontamination?

A

the mechanical removal of most microbes, used on animate objects

58
Q

What is the most resistant “organism”

A

A prion… they are an infectious protein that can cause mad cow disease and are extremely difficult to get rid of

59
Q

What is an example of the least resistant “organism”?

A

A virus

60
Q

Why are gram + bacteria less resistant than gram - bacteria? What is the only exception?

A

gram + are less resistant because their peptidoglycan layer is exposed. The only exception to this is staphylococcus and pseudomonas

61
Q

What factors should we consider when we are thinking of killing bacteria?

A
  • death rate
  • characteristics
  • growth
  • chemical environment
  • environmental factors
  • duration of exposure
  • mode of action
  • resistance factors
62
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

A community of bacteria that coat the surfaces of equipment

63
Q

What are broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

Antibiotics that act against a wide range of species/diseases

ex: both gram + and gram -

64
Q

What are narrow spectrum antibiotics?

A

Antibiotics that are only effective against a particular/specific group of bacteria

ex: only TB

65
Q

What bacterial structures do antibiotics target?

A
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids

Microbiology SDSU (5 decks)

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