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Microbiology SDSU > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The study of small living organisms

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2
Q

What was the very first type of living organism?

A

Cyanobacteria

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3
Q

What are the most important functions of cyanobacteria?

A
  • They are able to produce oxygen
  • decompose dead organisms
  • recycle nutrients
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4
Q

What is MRSA and VRSA?

A

Both of these are an example of the impact of microbiology. Both of these infections are a part of staph and they are resistant to common antibiotics.

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5
Q

What is sepsis condition?

A

When an infection starts to replicate massively it can potentially reach the bloodstream. Once it does, the bacteria is moved throughout the entire body and the patient is suffering from sepsis condition

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6
Q

What is C. Diff?

A

It is an intestinal infection that can cause extensive damage to the colon

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7
Q

What is necrotizing fascitis?

A

It is caused by bacteria, including the species of strep. IT causes tissue to be consumed at an alarming rate and the only way to get rid of it is through amputation

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8
Q

Diseases and infections are examples of what?

A

The danger/power of microbes

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9
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

When we use bacteria to help eat the bad toxins we produce in order to help our environment

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10
Q

What is treponema pallidum?

A

A bacteria (AKA syphillis) that works its way up to the brain and consume some of its tissue, causing lesions. As a result the most common symptom of it is altered behavior and madness

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11
Q

How is treponema pallidum applied to history?

A

It is said that these people suffered from the madness of the disease

  • Hitler
  • Ivan the terrible
  • Henry VIII
  • Shakespeare
  • Casanova
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12
Q

What is ergot?

A

It is a fungal infection that comes from rye and it is said to also cause mental issues since it interferes with neurotransmitters

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of ergot?

A

Hysteria, Nausea, Headaches

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14
Q

The salem witch trials are associated with ______?

A

Ergot

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15
Q

What is the Irish potato famine?

A

It was a huge famine that broke out due to an algae like organism affecting potatoes, which were a huge part of their diet. This overall resulted in starvation and lack of food. People began fleeing Ireland

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16
Q

What is the black death?

A

A bubonic plague that was caused by yersinia pestis bacteria

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17
Q

What was one of the first signs of bioterrorism?

A

The Assyrians used ergot to poison the wells of their competitors

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18
Q

Where does karyote come from?

A

It derives from the word kernel, which came from the people that first used the microscope. They saw a kernel like feature (nucleus)

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19
Q

What were the first signs of the application of microbiology?

A

This is seen with the mummy man, a 5000 year old mummy who created some type of medication (with shelf fungus) against common diseases (at his time)

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20
Q

Who first came up with the concept of moldy bread (penicillin)?

A

The Egyptians used to apply moldy bread to wounds because it produces penicillin and prevents putrefaction

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21
Q

Who was Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek?

A

The inventor of the first microscope

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22
Q

Who is known as the father of microscopy?

A

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

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23
Q

What is the concept of spontaneous generation?

A

The theory that every living thing magically appeared (out of nowhere)

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24
Q

Who was John Needham?

A

A scientist who believed in spontaneous generation. He “proved” it by placing broth in a closed flask and letting it sit for a few days. It turned cloudy and he thought that was enough

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25
Who was Francisco Redi?
He was a scientist who performed an experiment with maggots. He placed meat inside a covered jar (cork) and expected something to magically appear. Since nothing grew, he started to deny the belief of spontaneous generation
26
Who was Pasteur?
A scientist who decided to follow up Redi's experiment. He performed it with an S shaped flask and came to the conclusion that small organisms would remain trapped in the neck. As soon as the neck came off, microbial growth reappeared. He officially denied the theory of spontaneous generation
27
Who was Florence Nightingale AKA lady of the lamp?
She was a nurse in the crimean war and she contributed greatly to the field of epidemiology. She advocated for the use of statistics and sterilization.
28
Who is Ignaz Semmelweis?
A gynecologist/physician who advocated for hand washing. He claimed that by doing so, child birth fever rates would greatly reduce
29
What is child birth fever?
Sepsis for both women and baby. When a women gives birth there is a lot of tearing and exposure. If not properly taken care of, they can become septic
30
What were the 2 maternity clinics that Semmelweis worked in?
Dublin and Wein
31
Why were child birth fever rates much lower in Dublin?
Medical students in Dublin would perform appropriate hand washing techniques. In Wein, students would work with cadavers before handling babies and they never washed their hands.
32
What is the germ theory of disease?
It basically states that there are microscopic organisms, called germs, that are responsible for causing disease.
33
In simple words, what is Koch's postulates?
A 4-step process designed to establish the relationship between a microbe and a disease
34
What are the 4 steps in Koch's Postulates?
1. The microorganism had to be found in all organisms that are sick 2. The microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture 3. The cultured microorganism must cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism 4. The microorganism must be isolated once more and be identical to original agent
35
What is acute?
Generally a disease that has rapid replication rate, causes short incubation rate and has a quick resolution
36
What is a chronic disease?
A disease that has a slow replication rate, long incubation rate and a slow resolution
37
Who came up with the very first signs of vaccines?
Lady Montagu. She saw the ottoman empire scraping sores and injecting them into each other.
38
Who picked up Lady Montagu's claims?
Edmond Jenner
39
Who is Edmond Jenner?
He is another contributor to vaccines. He realized that milkmaids got sores from milking cows (cowpox) so he obtained scrapings from cowpox and injected them into volunteers, These people had later on developed resistance to cowpox
40
How exactly do vaccines work?
By injecting a bit of the disease, our immune system learn to create antibodies to the substance. This then helps our bodies learn to fight the microbes in case of exposure.
41
Who is Paul Elrich?
A scientist who worked with antibiotics.
42
Who is Alexander Fleming?
A researcher who worked with bacteria. He accidentally discovered penicillin by observing petri dishes contaminated with mold. He realized that there were colonies around the mold that prevented bacteria from growing.
43
What is selective toxicity? Why is it important?
Selective toxicity is a substance that kills some things but not all things. This is important to antibiotics, they all have this because we want them to kill bacteria but not us.
44
Who was Robert Hooke?
He gave us the word cell (comes from cellula) and contributed to the cell theory
45
What is the cell theory?
1. The basic unit of life is the cell 2. All living things are made of cell (s) 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
46
What is the criteria to be living? (6 things)
- Responses to change in environment - Ability to make and use energy - Reproduction - All living things have to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis) - All living things have DNA as genetic material - All living things are made up of cells.
47
What are some features of prokaryotes?
- no nucleus - no membrane bound organelles - one circular chromosome (sometimes extra) - Small ribosome - cell wall present
48
What are some features of eukaryotes?
- true nucleus - membrane bound organelles - multiple LINEAR chromosomes Large ribosome -cell wall not present in us or animals
49
How are organisms identified?
By their genus and species
50
What is the formate of bacteria nomenclature?
Ex: Anorve, carel (italicized)
51
What are the three types of appendages?
Flagella Pili Fimbriae
52
What is the main purpose of flagella?
They allow bacteria to move. Their tail is made of protein and they respond to a stimulus
53
What is positive taxis?
It is when the organism moves towards the source of stimulation
54
What is negative taxis?
When the organism moves away from the source of stimulation
55
What is pili?
Hairlike appendages that is used for attachment. Some pili can transferDNA between 2 bacteria
56
What is fimbriae?
They are associated with attachment and help bacteria hold on to things
57
What are the 2 main types of surface layers?
Glycocalyx and S layer
58
What are the 3 different types of glycocalyx?
EPS, capsule and slime layer
59
What is EPS?
Extracellular polysaccharide is made of carbohydrates and this coating allows bacteria to stick to thingss
60
What is the capsule coating?
It is a highly organized (largest of all) and it is made of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. It allows bacteria to be protected and promote its growth
61
What is a virulence factor?
A virulence factor is anything that make an organism better equipped to cause disease
62
Is a capsule a virulence factor?
Yes it allows bacteria to be protected thus allowing it to grow.
63
What is the cell envelope composed of?
1. Cell wall | 2. Cell membrane
64
What is an antigen?
A foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body
65
What is the cell wall made of?
Peptidoglycan
66
What is peptidoglycan made of?
Protein and carbohydrates called NAG and NAM which are linked by amino acid bridges. This bridges are then connected by interbridges called pentaglycine
67
Why is pencillin so effective?
Because it disrupts the creation of the cell wall. It prevents the build up of penptidoglycan and causes bacteria to burst.
68
What is archaea’s form of peptidoglycan?
They have pseudo peptidoglycan which is overall the same function
69
What does gram + peptidoglycan look like?
It has an inner most plasma membrane and then a thick peptidoglycan layer and an outer capsule.
70
Which is easier to treat?
Gram + because peptidoglycan has easier access
71
Gram + shows as what color?
Purple/ violet
72
What are teichoic acids?
They are in gram + and there is wall teichoic and lipteichoic acids.
73
What is lipoteichoic acids?
Acids Anchored to cell membrane
74
What are wall teichoic acids?
They help create structure and are attached to peptidoglycan.
75
How are gram - bacteria arranged? Peptidoglycan
Inner most membrane, thin peptidoglycan, plasma membrane, outer capsule
76
What is an important feature of gram - bacteria?
Lipopolysaccharide chain aka endotoxins | They help bacteria with structure and protein. The toxins that are released when disturbed or reproducing.
77
Why is it important to know the type of bacteria? Gram + and gram -
Because when we are prescribing antibiotics, we have to make sure it attacks the certain bacteria. If we prescribe gram + antibiotics for a gram - bacteria, the cell would release endotoxin at the same time and make someone sick
78
How should we treat gram + infection?
Get rid of bacteria asap
79
How do we treat gram - infection?
Slowly get rid of bacteria
80
Who is lister?
Creator of aseptic technique
81
What are the four arrangements of flagella?
Mono, amphi, lopho, petri trichous.

Microbiology SDSU (5 decks)

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