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Microbiology SDSU > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we describe the general size of viruses vs bacteria?

A

Typically, viruses are smaller than bacteria

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2
Q

Do viruses have cells?

A

No they only have a genome surrounded by a protein coat

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3
Q

What was the first virus to be characterized?

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

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4
Q

What is a virion?

A

the complete virus particle (protein coat and genome)

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5
Q

What is a capsid?

A

The protein coat

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6
Q

What is a capsosmeres?

A

The particles that makeup the capsid

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7
Q

What are complex viruses?

A

Any virus that has more than just the normal protein coat and genome

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8
Q

Protein spikes are only present in?

A

Complex viruses

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9
Q

How do protein spikes relate to host specificity?

A

Because other cells have receptors to these spikes

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10
Q

What is narrow host specificity?

A

Affecting an organ

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11
Q

What is broad host specificity?

A

Affecting the body

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12
Q

What is adsorption?

A

It is step one of the viral infections process and it is when the virus comes into contact with the host cell and fuses through its plasma membrane

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13
Q

What is penetration?

A

The second step of viral infections and it is when the virusinjects genetic material inside the cell or when a virus is taken up by host cells (both ways)

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14
Q

What is uncoating?

A

If virus passed stage 2, the viruses will be uncoated and the viral genome is directing the host cell

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15
Q

What is synthesis?

A

4th step of viral infections and it is when the bacteria (taken over by virus) begins to make new genetic material and capsosmeres

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16
Q

What is assembly?

A

5th step of viral infections. Once all the materials for viruses are created, we have to assemble them to create virions

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17
Q

What is the final step of the viral infections processing?

A

The virus that has invaded the host cell is released through lysis and pick up some of the cells membrane to hid/act as a host cell

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18
Q

What are the different genome possibilities that a virus can have?

A

ssDNA, ssRNA, dsDNA, dsRNA

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19
Q

In order for viruses to go against central dogma, what must they have?

A

The enzyme reverse transcriptase

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20
Q

What is lytic life cycle?

A

When a virus infects and takes over the host cell, manipulates it to make new viruses and bursts out

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21
Q

What is lysogenic life cycle?

A

When a virus takes over the host cell but instead of bursting, it gets out of the nucleus and inserts its genome into the existing host genome

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22
Q

How is viral genome unpackaged in host cell?

A

It is converted to RNA so that enzymes can replicate the genomes to make new viruses.

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23
Q

What is cytopathic effects?

A

A term used to describe virus induced advantage

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24
Q

Viruses with reverse transcriptase are referredto as ________

A

Retroviral virions

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25
Q

What is an acute infection?

A

Where there is one infections and a distinct beginning and end

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26
Q

What is a latent infection?

A

This is when there is an acute infection but it doesn’t end, the virus simply hides

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27
Q

What is a chronic infection?

A

When the virus never really goes away, slightly reduced

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28
Q

What type of viral infection is human papilloma virus?

A

It is latent infection

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29
Q

What type of viral infection is herpes?

A

It is an acute viruse that goes latent and then acute

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30
Q

What type of viral infection is ebola?

A

It is an acute infection

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31
Q

What are prions?

A

A prion is an infectious protein. These prevent other proteins from forming properly and causing them to not function properly

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32
Q

What are prion infections caused by?

A

Consumption of abnormal protein or gene mutations

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33
Q

What is human microbiota?

A

All of the microbes living on or in the human body

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34
Q

How does an infection turn into a disease?

A

When it begins to compromise the function of our body

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35
Q

What are the 5 requirements that a microbe needs to cause infection?

A
  • Reservoir
  • Host, portal of entry and adherence
  • Cause infection through multiplication
  • Hide from host’s immune cells
  • Has to leave through portal of exit
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36
Q

What are the different ways a microbe can be transmitted?

A 
Direct contract 
Indirect contact 
Aerosolized 
Food/water transmission 
Vector 
Vertical (mom to baby)
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37
Q

What are the main portals of entry?

A

Respiratory system, digestive system, urethra, skin, vagina, penis, placenta

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38
Q

What is our first line defense?

A

Skin

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39
Q

What is ID 50?

A

Infectious dose is the potential effectiveness of an organism. ID50 refers to the minimum amount of microbes that are required to be transmitted for infection (50% of the population)

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40
Q

What does a lower ID 50 indicate?

A

It means it is more infectious because it requires less organisms to cause an infection

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41
Q

What is LD50?

A

It relates to how many cells can cause death in 50% of the population

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42
Q

What microbial anatomy functions can allow microbes to adhere once inside the cell?

A

Glycocalyx (sticky layer)
Fimbriae
Suckers
receptor activation

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43
Q

What is incubation period?

A

The time between exposure to microbes and the onset of system

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44
Q

What is period of disease?

A

Time at which symptoms are prevalent

45
Q

What are the 3 periods for infection?

A

Incubation
Period of disease
Recovery Period

46
Q

During which infection phase will a bacteria begin to decrease?

A

Afterincubation, the bacteria will reach a threshold. Once threshold is reached, infection will grow a bit more and then the immune system will begin to fight it off

47
Q

What is evading?

A

When a microbe hides or gets away from host’s defenses. In other words it is a virulence factor

48
Q

What virulence factors can help a virus evade?

A

Capsule (sugar coating)
Flagella
Fimbriae

49
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

When we go from infection to disease

50
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

A toxin made inside the bacterial cell and secreted by a living cell

51
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

A toxin that is not actively secreted but comes out when outer membrane is disrupted

52
Q

Which toxins are more dangerous in small amounts?

A

Exotoxins

53
Q

Which toxins are better candidates for vaccines?

A

Exotoxins because they generate a strong immune response

54
Q

What is a pyrogen?

A

Something that causes heat/fever.

55
Q

What are innate defenses?

A

The defenses we are born with

56
Q

What is our first line of defense?

A

Skin

57
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Cell-eating

58
Q

What are the 2 main types of phagocytes?

A

Microphages and macrophages

59
Q

What is the difference between fixed and free macrophages?

A

Fixed: limited to one function and/or area
Free: all over circulation

60
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

An immature white blood cell (before it turns into macrophage)

61
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

cells that are the first responders

62
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

The cells associated with allergies

63
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

These are a type of white blood cell that are in the spleen or blood and when they become activated, they attach to abnormal cells and destroy it

64
Q

Why does the golgi apparatus of the natural killer cell orient itself closer to abnormal cells?

A

Because the golgi can release destructive vesicles that carry perforin (can cause holes in plasma membrane) and cause the abnormal cell to disintegrate

65
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cytokines are chemical messengesrs that are released by our tissue cells and coordinate local activities

66
Q

What are interferons?

A

A type of cytokine that is released by white blood cells and macrophages once activated

67
Q

Which cytokine stimulates the production of neutrophils and Natural killer cells?

A

Interleukins

68
Q

What are alpha interferons?

A

Cytokines that are made by white blood cells and stimulate natural killer cells

69
Q

What are beta interferons?

A

Secreted by fibroblast and signal the body to slow down inflammation

70
Q

What are complements?

A

Another type of signaling molecules that are a series of plasma proteins, produced by the liver

71
Q

What do complement molecules do to the pathogen if successful?

A

Cause it to lyse

72
Q

What is inflmmation?

A

Our primary response when a pathogen is in the body

73
Q

What is the goal of inflammation?

A

To limit the spread of an infection

74
Q

What is the difference between cardinal signs and cardinal symptoms?

A

Signs: what doctors see
Symptoms: what patient feels

75
Q

What are the 4 main cardinal signs/symptoms?

A

Rubor (redness)
Calor (heat)
Dolor (pain)
Tumor (swelling)

76
Q

What are mast cells involved in?

A

Inflammation and allergies

77
Q

What do mast cells release? how does this relate to allergies?

A

Mast cells release histamine (which cause inflammation). When we have allergies. we have to take antihistamine to reduce inflammation

78
Q

What is an anticoagulant?

A

Blood thinner

79
Q

What are the 7 characteristics for inflammation?

A
  • Increased blood flow
  • Phagocytes activated
  • Capillary permeability increased
  • complement system is activated
  • clotting
  • temperature increase
  • Adaptive defenses activated
80
Q

What is meant by an increase of capillary permeability?

A

It means it is easier for materials (in the blood) to move in and out to the tissues that have been affected

81
Q

What happens when cells are damaged? (in terms of inflammation)

A

Mast cell will be activated and cause vasodilation (increase capillary permeability). This will then cause more rubor and calor. Swelling may also occur (tumor) and some pain is also common. Inflammatory cells will bring in more cells to fight

82
Q

What is margination?

A

When the neutrophil travels along the capillary

83
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

When the neutrophil (in the capillary) squeezes through the opening

84
Q

What cells are at the bone marrow?

A

Stem cells

85
Q

Why is body temperature elevated during infection?

A

Because it causes defenses to work a bit more faster and efficiently

86
Q

What are adaptive defenses?

A

Things that develop after birth due to exposure to a pathogen

87
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

A type of adaptive defense that is generated by T cells, which directly interface the pathogen

88
Q

What is antibody-mediated immunity?

A

A type of adaptive defense that is generated by B cells, which produce antibodies to pathogen

89
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When the body responds to exposure of a pathogen and makes antibodies

90
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When antibodies are transferred from one individual to another

91
Q

What is naturally acquired active immunity?

A

Natural antibodies that are produced due to naturally acquired pathogens

92
Q

What is artificially acquired active immunity?

A

This is when we stimulate the production of antibodies by exposing a low dose (ex: vaccines)

93
Q

What is naturally acquired passive immunity?

A

When antibodies are transmitted from on individual to another (naturally)
EX: mother to fetus

94
Q

What is artificially acquired passive immunity?

A

When antibodies are artificially transmitted from one source to another

95
Q

Where do T- cells come from? How do they travel ?

A

T cells come from bone marrow, they leave through specialized capillaries and travel to thymus (base of throat).

96
Q

What happens to T cells at Thymus?

A

The T cells are still immature so they go through gene rearrangement.

97
Q

What is gene rearrangement?

A

When the genetic material is shuffled around

98
Q

What is immunocompetent?

A

If a t-cell can recognize self and non-self cells appropriately, it will be immunocompetent

99
Q

What is self-reactive?

A

If a T-cell cannot recognize between self and non-self cells, it is self-reactive

100
Q

What are the 4 types of T cells?

A
  • Cytotoxic
  • Memory
  • Helper T cells
  • suppressor T cells
101
Q

What are MHC proteins?

A

These are glycoproteins that are found in almost all nucleated cells. They are involved in matching donor tissue to recipient tissue

102
Q

Which type of T cell interacts with which type of MHC?

A

Cytotoxic interacts with MHC class 1

103
Q

What is the overall outome of MHC proteins?

A

To display and inform other cells of the pathogen

104
Q

How do T cells recognize antigens?

A

By the different Cluster of differentiation (CD) receptors.

105
Q

What are the 3 main types of CD receptors

A

CD3
CD8
CD4

106
Q

What is the CD3 receptor?

A

Found in almost all T cells

107
Q

Where are CD8 receptors found?

A

Cytotoxic and suppressor T cells

108
Q

Where are CD4 receptors found?

A

On helper T cells

109
Q

Which MHC is linked to CD4 receptors?

A

MHC class 2 is linked to activation of CD$ receptors because they both deal with helper T cells

Microbiology SDSU (5 decks)

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