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Microbiology SDSU > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How do we describe the general size of viruses vs bacteria?

A

Typically, viruses are smaller than bacteria

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2
Q

Do viruses have cells?

A

No they only have a genome surrounded by a protein coat

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3
Q

What was the first virus to be characterized?

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

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4
Q

What is a virion?

A

the complete virus particle (protein coat and genome)

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5
Q

What is a capsid?

A

The protein coat

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6
Q

What is a capsosmeres?

A

The particles that makeup the capsid

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7
Q

What are complex viruses?

A

Any virus that has more than just the normal protein coat and genome

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8
Q

Protein spikes are only present in?

A

Complex viruses

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9
Q

How do protein spikes relate to host specificity?

A

Because other cells have receptors to these spikes

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10
Q

What is narrow host specificity?

A

Affecting an organ

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11
Q

What is broad host specificity?

A

Affecting the body

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12
Q

What is adsorption?

A

It is step one of the viral infections process and it is when the virus comes into contact with the host cell and fuses through its plasma membrane

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13
Q

What is penetration?

A

The second step of viral infections and it is when the virusinjects genetic material inside the cell or when a virus is taken up by host cells (both ways)

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14
Q

What is uncoating?

A

If virus passed stage 2, the viruses will be uncoated and the viral genome is directing the host cell

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15
Q

What is synthesis?

A

4th step of viral infections and it is when the bacteria (taken over by virus) begins to make new genetic material and capsosmeres

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16
Q

What is assembly?

A

5th step of viral infections. Once all the materials for viruses are created, we have to assemble them to create virions

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17
Q

What is the final step of the viral infections processing?

A

The virus that has invaded the host cell is released through lysis and pick up some of the cells membrane to hid/act as a host cell

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18
Q

What are the different genome possibilities that a virus can have?

A

ssDNA, ssRNA, dsDNA, dsRNA

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19
Q

In order for viruses to go against central dogma, what must they have?

A

The enzyme reverse transcriptase

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20
Q

What is lytic life cycle?

A

When a virus infects and takes over the host cell, manipulates it to make new viruses and bursts out

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21
Q

What is lysogenic life cycle?

A

When a virus takes over the host cell but instead of bursting, it gets out of the nucleus and inserts its genome into the existing host genome

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22
Q

How is viral genome unpackaged in host cell?

A

It is converted to RNA so that enzymes can replicate the genomes to make new viruses.

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23
Q

What is cytopathic effects?

A

A term used to describe virus induced advantage

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24
Q

Viruses with reverse transcriptase are referredto as ________

A

Retroviral virions

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25
What is an acute infection?
Where there is one infections and a distinct beginning and end
26
What is a latent infection?
This is when there is an acute infection but it doesn't end, the virus simply hides
27
What is a chronic infection?
When the virus never really goes away, slightly reduced
28
What type of viral infection is human papilloma virus?
It is latent infection
29
What type of viral infection is herpes?
It is an acute viruse that goes latent and then acute
30
What type of viral infection is ebola?
It is an acute infection
31
What are prions?
A prion is an infectious protein. These prevent other proteins from forming properly and causing them to not function properly
32
What are prion infections caused by?
Consumption of abnormal protein or gene mutations
33
What is human microbiota?
All of the microbes living on or in the human body
34
How does an infection turn into a disease?
When it begins to compromise the function of our body
35
What are the 5 requirements that a microbe needs to cause infection?
- Reservoir - Host, portal of entry and adherence - Cause infection through multiplication - Hide from host's immune cells - Has to leave through portal of exit
36
What are the different ways a microbe can be transmitted?
``` Direct contract Indirect contact Aerosolized Food/water transmission Vector Vertical (mom to baby) ```
37
What are the main portals of entry?
Respiratory system, digestive system, urethra, skin, vagina, penis, placenta
38
What is our first line defense?
Skin
39
What is ID 50?
Infectious dose is the potential effectiveness of an organism. ID50 refers to the minimum amount of microbes that are required to be transmitted for infection (50% of the population)
40
What does a lower ID 50 indicate?
It means it is more infectious because it requires less organisms to cause an infection
41
What is LD50?
It relates to how many cells can cause death in 50% of the population
42
What microbial anatomy functions can allow microbes to adhere once inside the cell?
Glycocalyx (sticky layer) Fimbriae Suckers receptor activation
43
What is incubation period?
The time between exposure to microbes and the onset of system
44
What is period of disease?
Time at which symptoms are prevalent
45
What are the 3 periods for infection?
Incubation Period of disease Recovery Period
46
During which infection phase will a bacteria begin to decrease?
Afterincubation, the bacteria will reach a threshold. Once threshold is reached, infection will grow a bit more and then the immune system will begin to fight it off
47
What is evading?
When a microbe hides or gets away from host's defenses. In other words it is a virulence factor
48
What virulence factors can help a virus evade?
Capsule (sugar coating) Flagella Fimbriae
49
What is pathogenesis?
When we go from infection to disease
50
What is an exotoxin?
A toxin made inside the bacterial cell and secreted by a living cell
51
What is an endotoxin?
A toxin that is not actively secreted but comes out when outer membrane is disrupted
52
Which toxins are more dangerous in small amounts?
Exotoxins
53
Which toxins are better candidates for vaccines?
Exotoxins because they generate a strong immune response
54
What is a pyrogen?
Something that causes heat/fever.
55
What are innate defenses?
The defenses we are born with
56
What is our first line of defense?
Skin
57
What is phagocytosis?
Cell-eating
58
What are the 2 main types of phagocytes?
Microphages and macrophages
59
What is the difference between fixed and free macrophages?
Fixed: limited to one function and/or area Free: all over circulation
60
What is a monocyte?
An immature white blood cell (before it turns into macrophage)
61
What are neutrophils?
cells that are the first responders
62
What are eosinophils?
The cells associated with allergies
63
What are natural killer cells?
These are a type of white blood cell that are in the spleen or blood and when they become activated, they attach to abnormal cells and destroy it
64
Why does the golgi apparatus of the natural killer cell orient itself closer to abnormal cells?
Because the golgi can release destructive vesicles that carry perforin (can cause holes in plasma membrane) and cause the abnormal cell to disintegrate
65
What are cytokines?
Cytokines are chemical messengesrs that are released by our tissue cells and coordinate local activities
66
What are interferons?
A type of cytokine that is released by white blood cells and macrophages once activated
67
Which cytokine stimulates the production of neutrophils and Natural killer cells?
Interleukins
68
What are alpha interferons?
Cytokines that are made by white blood cells and stimulate natural killer cells
69
What are beta interferons?
Secreted by fibroblast and signal the body to slow down inflammation
70
What are complements?
Another type of signaling molecules that are a series of plasma proteins, produced by the liver
71
What do complement molecules do to the pathogen if successful?
Cause it to lyse
72
What is inflmmation?
Our primary response when a pathogen is in the body
73
What is the goal of inflammation?
To limit the spread of an infection
74
What is the difference between cardinal signs and cardinal symptoms?
Signs: what doctors see Symptoms: what patient feels
75
What are the 4 main cardinal signs/symptoms?
Rubor (redness) Calor (heat) Dolor (pain) Tumor (swelling)
76
What are mast cells involved in?
Inflammation and allergies
77
What do mast cells release? how does this relate to allergies?
Mast cells release histamine (which cause inflammation). When we have allergies. we have to take antihistamine to reduce inflammation
78
What is an anticoagulant?
Blood thinner
79
What are the 7 characteristics for inflammation?
- Increased blood flow - Phagocytes activated - Capillary permeability increased - complement system is activated - clotting - temperature increase - Adaptive defenses activated
80
What is meant by an increase of capillary permeability?
It means it is easier for materials (in the blood) to move in and out to the tissues that have been affected
81
What happens when cells are damaged? (in terms of inflammation)
Mast cell will be activated and cause vasodilation (increase capillary permeability). This will then cause more rubor and calor. Swelling may also occur (tumor) and some pain is also common. Inflammatory cells will bring in more cells to fight
82
What is margination?
When the neutrophil travels along the capillary
83
What is diapedesis?
When the neutrophil (in the capillary) squeezes through the opening
84
What cells are at the bone marrow?
Stem cells
85
Why is body temperature elevated during infection?
Because it causes defenses to work a bit more faster and efficiently
86
What are adaptive defenses?
Things that develop after birth due to exposure to a pathogen
87
What is cell-mediated immunity?
A type of adaptive defense that is generated by T cells, which directly interface the pathogen
88
What is antibody-mediated immunity?
A type of adaptive defense that is generated by B cells, which produce antibodies to pathogen
89
What is active immunity?
When the body responds to exposure of a pathogen and makes antibodies
90
What is passive immunity?
When antibodies are transferred from one individual to another
91
What is naturally acquired active immunity?
Natural antibodies that are produced due to naturally acquired pathogens
92
What is artificially acquired active immunity?
This is when we stimulate the production of antibodies by exposing a low dose (ex: vaccines)
93
What is naturally acquired passive immunity?
When antibodies are transmitted from on individual to another (naturally) EX: mother to fetus
94
What is artificially acquired passive immunity?
When antibodies are artificially transmitted from one source to another
95
Where do T- cells come from? How do they travel ?
T cells come from bone marrow, they leave through specialized capillaries and travel to thymus (base of throat).
96
What happens to T cells at Thymus?
The T cells are still immature so they go through gene rearrangement.
97
What is gene rearrangement?
When the genetic material is shuffled around
98
What is immunocompetent?
If a t-cell can recognize self and non-self cells appropriately, it will be immunocompetent
99
What is self-reactive?
If a T-cell cannot recognize between self and non-self cells, it is self-reactive
100
What are the 4 types of T cells?
- Cytotoxic - Memory - Helper T cells - suppressor T cells
101
What are MHC proteins?
These are glycoproteins that are found in almost all nucleated cells. They are involved in matching donor tissue to recipient tissue
102
Which type of T cell interacts with which type of MHC?
Cytotoxic interacts with MHC class 1
103
What is the overall outome of MHC proteins?
To display and inform other cells of the pathogen
104
How do T cells recognize antigens?
By the different Cluster of differentiation (CD) receptors.
105
What are the 3 main types of CD receptors
CD3 CD8 CD4
106
What is the CD3 receptor?
Found in almost all T cells
107
Where are CD8 receptors found?
Cytotoxic and suppressor T cells
108
Where are CD4 receptors found?
On helper T cells
109
Which MHC is linked to CD4 receptors?
MHC class 2 is linked to activation of CD$ receptors because they both deal with helper T cells

Microbiology SDSU (5 decks)

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