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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Anura (frogs & toads) Habitat

A

Temperate climates; safer location for breeding (less predation risk)

Tropical climates; higher predation risk

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2
Q

Amplexus

A

Male grasps onto female with front legs (most Anurans do this)

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3
Q

Anuran Reproduction

A

Ritualized calling

Oviparous

Fertilized egg masses

Tadpoles in aquatic stage

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4
Q

Schreckstoff

A

Fear hormone in Gray Tree Frog tadpoles

When predation risk is high, stimulatesincreased coloration and features to make it look larger to reduce predation risk.

Metamorph into an adult frog.

(No predation risks = no chantes in tadpole)

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5
Q

Wood Frogs vs Environmental Differences

A

Wetter = longer growth period and larger adult size

Dry = limited growth and smaller adult size

Based on concentrations of ions in the waters

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6
Q

Plethodontidae

A

Lungless, skin respiration, high surface rea ratio of skin

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7
Q

Ambystomatidae

A

Spotted newts

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8
Q

Salamandridae

A

Red spotted newt, rough skin, crested

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9
Q

Latin Name for Tiger Salamander

A

Ambystoma tigimum

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10
Q

Salamander Response to Environment

A

Decreased reliance on terrestrial environments

Paedo in permanent water (high oxygen, stable temp)

Metamorph to terrestrial stage in temporary habitats (warm, low O2)

e.g. northwestern salamander, axolotl

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11
Q

Salamander Response to Increased predator and desiccation risk & abiotic/radiation factors

A

Paedomorphosis/neoteny

Retain external gills

Remain in water

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12
Q

Ambystomatidae & Paedomorphosis

A

(mole salamanders)

Obligate and facultative paedomorphosis

Depends on environment

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13
Q

Alpine Salamander (elevation fluctuations)

A

Gestation Periods 38 months in high elevation, 24 months in low elevation

Only 2 eggs develop

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14
Q

Olfaction and Breeding

A

Critical for breeding

Pheromones transferred by physical contact

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15
Q

Physical Contact & Mating

A

amplexus, breeding balls,& sex glands

tooth on snout to inject females

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16
Q

Sex Glands

A

Mental glands on chin

Hedonic gland on base of tail

17
Q

Aquatic vs Terrestrial Parenting

A

Aquatic: spermatophore taken up by female, internal fertilization, no parental care, larvae have gills

Terrestrial: brooding, parental care, protect eggs from desiccation and predation

18
Q

When to Breed (Salamanders)

A

Photoperiod (day length), seasonal rains, temperature abot 50’s

19
Q

How Long to Breed (Salamanders)

A

Explosive breeders: Few nights per season, chorus callers, little variability between calls, no parental care.

Prolonged breeders: Several months, antiphonal callers, choosey mating, guard eggs, have sneaker males

20
Q

Where to Breed (Salamanders)

A

In natural pools (aquatic)

Use stars as navigation

Pollution is a problem

21
Q

Feeding Habits

A

Ambush predators

Use vision and olfaction

Blend in with cryptic colorization

Pedicellate teeth, protrusible tongues, some suction feeders

ALL are carnivores

22
Q

Amniotic Egg Physiology

A

Yolk Sac: nutrients

Amnion: fluid filled, surrounds embryo to protect from desiccation and concussion

Allantois: waste collection

Chorion: outer most layer for gas exchange

Albumen: ‘egg whites’, provides water and proteins

Shell: protective layer; hard and calcified or leathery (increases diversity into new habitats)

23
Q

Selective Pressures on Land

A

Gravity, temperature, gas exchange, navigation, egg care, locomotion, etc.

New skin: thicker, more adipose, more lipids, and resistant to desiccation and radiation. Not as much need for cutaneous respiration (but still used)

24
Q

Splayed Gait

A

Limbs out to the side of the body

25
Q

Upright Body

A

Narrow track gait, saved energy, faster, better endurance

26
Q

Reptile Types

A

Turtles and Crocodylia

27
Q

Oviparous Reptiles

A

Most common

Size of organisms determines # of eggs produced per event

Egg clutch volume directly correlated with female size (abdominal cavity)

28
Q

Why not maximize egg volume?

A

Save E for 2nd clutch

Fewer eggs relates to longer life due to strain on body

Increased size = increased predation risk

Egg size increases with fewer eggs (more yolk, larger offspring, increased survival)

29
Q

Viviparous Reptiles

A

Some Squamates (lizards, snakes)

Low temp, high altitudes, more stable

Better chances to put on fat before winter

Increase energy requires

Fewer young = lower fitness

~140 origins of viviparity

Sceloporus : grass lizards; 30-70 are viviparous

30
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Virgin birth

Originates from hybridization of 2 closely related species

Clonal inheritance (female produces diploid eggs)

Pseudocopulation required (other females or sneaker males stimulates ovulation)

31
Q

Sex Determination in Reptiles

A

Most verst use genotypic sex determination

Many reptiles use environmental or temperature based determination (ESD, TSD; temperature of nest determines sex, not genotype)

32
Q

Temperature and Sex Determination for Turtles

A

Cold temperatures = all male

Warm temperatures = all female

Certain range where clutch can be both sexes

33
Q

Temperature and Sex Determination for Lizards and Alligators

A

cold temps = all female

warm temps = all male

small range where clutch can have both sexes

34
Q

Temperature and Sex Determination for Crocodiles, Snapping Turtles, and Leopard Geckos

A

extreme cold and warm = all male

middle temps = all female

35
Q

Why temps related to sex?

A

Reduce inbreeding

Decreased fitness when males and females are present

Environmental selection

Gonads are indifferent when eggs are first laid

36
Q

Oviparous vs viviparous vs ovoviviparous

A

oviparous - egg laying

viviparous - giving birth to live young

ovoviviparous - giving birth to live young that hatch from eggs within the body

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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